ReviewReviews in medical virology2022
Quantifying the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over time.
Review in Reviews in medical virology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 99 citations in OpenAlex.
- Protective effectiveness of previous infection against subsequent SARS-Cov-2 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2024Pooled it
- Past SARS-CoV-2 infection protection against re-infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Pooled it
- The Protection of Naturally Acquired Antibodies Against Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Emerging microbes & infections · 2022Pooled it
- Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review.Global health research and policy · 2022Pooled it
- CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- The Effect of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection on Long-Term Symptoms in the Innovative Support for Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE).Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2025Article
- Optimal pandemic control strategies and cost-effectiveness of COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions in the United States.BMC global and public health · 2025Article
- Epidemiological features and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection: a retrospective cohort analysis in Xiamen, China.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Leveraging Large Language Models for Infectious Disease Surveillance-Using a Web Service for Monitoring COVID-19 Patterns From Self-Reporting Tweets: Content Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Article
- Optimal COVID-19 vaccine prioritization by age depends critically on inter-group contacts and vaccination rates.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Outcome of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection depends on genetic background in female mice.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Modelling the unexpected dynamics of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil.Infectious Disease Modelling · 2024Article
- Risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection during multiple Omicron variant waves in the UK general population.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Host immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection result in protection or pathology during reinfection depending on mouse genetic background.Research square · 2023Article
- A Mechanical Assay for the Quantification of Anti-RBD IgG Levels in Finger-Prick Whole Blood.ACS sensors · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Persistent dysregulation of cellular immunity following COVID-19 recovery despite minimal post-COVID-19 sequelae manifestation.The Journal of infection · 2023Article
- CRISPR-Cas13a-powered electrochemical biosensor for the detection of the L452R mutation in clinical samples of SARS-CoV-2 variants.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite over 140 million SARS-CoV-2 infections worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic, relatively few confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection have been reported. While immunity from SARS-CoV-2 infection is probable, at least in the short term, few studies have quantified the reinfection risk. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review to synthesise the evidence on the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over time. A standardised protocol was employed, based on Cochrane methodology. Electronic databases and preprint servers were searched from 1 January 2020 to 19 February 2021. Eleven large cohort studies were identified that estimated the risk of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection over time, including three that enrolled healthcare workers and two that enrolled residents and staff of elderly care homes. Across studies, the total number of PCR-positive or antibody-positive participants at baseline was 615,777, and the maximum duration of follow-up was more than 10 months in three studies. Reinfection was an uncommon event (absolute rate 0%-1.1%), with no study reporting an increase in the risk of reinfection over time. Only one study estimated the population-level risk of reinfection based on whole genome sequencing in a subset of patients; the estimated risk was low (0.1% [95% CI: 0.08-0.11%]) with no evidence of waning immunity for up to 7 months following primary infection. These data suggest that naturally acquired SARS-CoV-2 immunity does not wane for at least 10 months post-infection. However, the applicability of these studies to new variants or to vaccine-induced immunity remains uncertain.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.