ReviewMycopathologia2021
Allergic fungal airways disease (AFAD): an under-recognised asthma endotype.
Review in Mycopathologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review of outdoor airborne fungal spore seasonality across Europe and the implications for health.The Science of the total environment · 2022Pooled it
- Suspected allergic bronchopulmonary candidiasis in a patient with concurrent multidrug-resistant bacterial pneumonia: A case report.Medicine · 2026Article
- A Case of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis-Like Syndrome: Clinical and Immunopathological Comparison With Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis.Journal of rhinology : official journal of the Korean Rhinologic Society · 2026Article
- Article
- Animal models of fungus-related allergic airway disease: exposures, readouts, mechanisms, and translational gaps.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Refractory phenotype ofThe journal of allergy and clinical immunology. Global · 2025Article
- Positive sputum fungal culture, fungal sensitisation, and airway microbial diversity in asthmatic children.Medical mycology · 2025Article
- Break through the mold: Hyper-IgE syndrome as a vehicle for invasive aspergillosis.Respiratory medicine case reports · 2025Article
- Comparative analysis of airborne fungal spore distribution in urban and rural environments of Slovakia.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2024Article
- A review of pathogenic airborne fungi and bacteria: unveiling occurrence, sources, and profound human health implication.Frontiers in microbiology · 2024Review
- The airway mycobiome and interactions with immunity in health and chronic lung disease.Oxford open immunology · 2024Review
- Analysis of Airborne Fungal Communities on Pedestrian Bridges in Urban Environments.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- A scoping review: What are the cellular mechanisms that drive the allergic inflammatory response to fungal allergens in the lung epithelium?Clinical and translational allergy · 2023Article
- C-type lectin receptors in antifungal immunity: Current knowledge and future developments.Parasite immunology · 2023Review
- Fungal Aeroallergen Sensitization Patterns among Airway-Allergic Patients in Zagazig, Egypt.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Severe Fungal Asthma: A Role for Biologics and Inhaled Antifungals.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Impact of Fungal Spores on Asthma Prevalence and Hospitalization.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Fungal Allergen and Mold Allergy Diagnosis: Role and Relevance ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Review
- Seasonal variation of airborne fungal diversity and community structure in urban outdoor environments in Tianjin, China.Frontiers in microbiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The term allergic fungal airways disease has a liberal definition based on IgE sensitisation to thermotolerant fungi and evidence of fungal-related lung damage. It arose from a body of work looking into the role of fungi in asthma. Historically fungi were considered a rare complication of asthma, exemplified by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; however, there is a significant proportion of individuals with Aspergillus fumigatus sensitisation who do not meet these criteria, who are at high risk for the development of lung damage. The fungi that play a role in asthma can be divided into two groups; those that can grow at body temperature referred to as thermotolerant, which are capable of both infection and allergy, and those that cannot but can still act as allergens in IgE sensitised individuals. Sensitisation to thermotolerant filamentous fungi (Aspergillus and Penicillium), and not non-thermotolerant fungi (Alternaria and Cladosporium) is associated with lower lung function and radiological abnormalities (bronchiectasis, tree-in-bud, fleeting shadows, collapse/consolidation and fibrosis). For antifungals to play a role in treatment, the focus should be on fungi capable of growing in the airways thereby causing a persistent chronic allergenic stimulus and releasing tissue damaging proteases and other enzymes which may disrupt the airway epithelial barrier and cause mucosal damage and airway remodelling. All patients with IgE sensitisation to thermotolerant fungi in the context of asthma and other airway disease are at risk of progressive lung damage, and as such should be monitored closely.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.