ArticleJAMA network open2021
Factors Associated With Racial/Ethnic Group-Based Medical Mistrust and Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Participation and Vaccine Uptake in the US.
Article in JAMA network open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 171 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
171 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 281 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Ethnic Inequalities in Stroke Incidence Patterns and Trends in High-Income Countries (2015-2025).Neuroepidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Pooled it
- Vaccine hesitancy in the refugee, immigrant, and migrant population in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Vaccination uptake amongst older adults from minority ethnic backgrounds: A systematic review.PLoS medicine · 2021Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in the United States: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in public health · 2021Pooled it
- Impact of Financial Incentives on Electronic Health Record-Driven Recruitment of Underrepresented Communities in Research: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Effect of Electronic and Mail Outreach From Primary Care Physicians for COVID-19 Vaccination of Black and Latino Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2022Trial
- At-home testing to mitigate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2: protocol for a public health intervention with a nested prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2021Trial
- Incentivizing Immunity: Black and Latinx Individuals' Attitudes About COVID-19 Vaccine Incentives.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Perceptions, attitudes, and concerns of underrepresented groups regarding the use of big data in children and young people's healthcare research - A systematic literature review.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Web-Based, Open-Source LGBTQ+ Affirming Care Education for Primary Health Care Providers: Descriptive Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Equity in Neurotoxicity Care in the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy.Seminars in neurology · 2026Article
- New Checkbox, Now What? A Scoping Review to Guide Health Research among Middle Eastern and North African Communities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- The Role of Medical Mistrust in Vaccination Decisions in Rural, Indigenous Namibian Communities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Understanding Black Women's Lived Experiences of Medical Mistrust and Trust in the Reproductive Care Setting: A Nested Sequential Explanatory Mixed Methods Study.Research square · 2026Article
- Health equity and medical mistrust: a mixed-methods analysis of medical and social determinants among transgender women of colour in the TURNNT cohort study.Culture, health & sexuality · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination and Intention to Vaccinate Children Among a Childbearing Population (in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania).AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Guide on Selection of Optimal Motivational Themes for Use in a Clinical Trial Recruiting Black US Adults: Survey Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Article
111 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: The impact of COVID-19 in the US has been far-reaching and devastating, especially in Black populations. Vaccination is a critical part of controlling community spread, but vaccine acceptance has varied, with some research reporting that Black individuals in the US are less willing to be vaccinated than other racial/ethnic groups. Medical mistrust informed by experiences of racism may be associated with this lower willingness. Objective: To examine the association between race/ethnicity and rejection of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and vaccine uptake and to investigate whether racial/ethnic group-based medical mistrust is a potential mediator of this association. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted from June to December 2020 using a convenience sample of 1835 adults aged 18 years or older residing in Michigan. Participants were recruited through community-based organizations and hospital-academic networks. Main Outcomes and Measures: Separate items assessed whether respondents, if asked, would agree to participate in a research study to test a COVID-19 vaccine or to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Participants also completed the suspicion subscale of the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale. Results: Of the 1835 participants, 1455 (79%) were women, 361 (20%) men, and 19 (1%) other gender. The mean (SD) age was 49.4 (17.9) years, and 394 participants (21%) identified as Black individuals. Overall, 1376 participants (75%) reported low willingness to participate in vaccine trials, and 945 (52%) reported low willingness to be vaccinated. Black participants reported the highest medical mistrust scores (mean [SD], 2.35 [0.96]) compared with other racial/ethnic groups (mean [SD] for the total sample, 1.83 [0.91]). Analysis of path models revealed significantly greater vaccine trial and vaccine uptake rejection among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.51 [0.08]; both P < .001) compared with the overall mean rejection. The association was partially mediated by medical mistrust among Black participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], 0.04 [0.01]; P = .003; vaccine uptake: B [SE], 0.07 [0.02]; P < .001) and White participants (vaccine trial: B [SE], -0.06 [0.02]; P = .001; vaccine uptake: B [SE], -0.10 [0.02]; P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this survey study of US adults, racial/ethnic group-based medical mistrust partially mediated the association between individuals identifying as Black and low rates of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine trial participation and actual vaccination. The findings suggest that partnerships between health care and other sectors to build trust and promote vaccination may benefit from socially and culturally responsive strategies that acknowledge and address racial/ethnic health care disparities and historical and contemporary experiences of racism.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.