Assessing the geographic range of classical swine fever vaccinations by spatiotemporal modelling in Japan.

A classical swine fever (CSF) epidemic has been ongoing in Japan since September 2018. The outbreak started in Gifu Prefecture and involved 21 prefectures by the end of October 2020, posing a serious threat to pork industries. The present study was conducted to capture the spatiotemporal dynamics of CSF in Japan and assess the geographic range of the CSF vaccination on pig farms. First infection dates were collected for wild boars and on swine farms by prefecture. A simple statistical model was used to describe the spatiotemporal dynamics of CSF, describing the infection risk in wild boars and the subsequent transmission hazards to swine farms for 47 prefectures. Because the spatial transmission mechanisms and wild boar population dynamics involved substantial uncertainties, 16 models were applied to the empirical data. Estimated hazard parameters were used to predict the risk of infection on swine farms by 15 December 2020 to explicitly evaluate the governmental recommendation for vaccinations on pig farms by prefecture in light of the predicted infection risk in domestic pigs. The best-fit model for the wild boars indicated that transmission occurred via neighbouring prefectures and involved seasonality. The estimated conditional hazard was 0.008 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.001-0.014) per day for infections transmitted from wild boars to swine farms, and the median time from wild boar infection to swine farm infection was 129.4 days (95% CI: 69.5-935.0). Our prediction indicated that prefectures connected by land to those with wild boar infections had a higher risk of infection on swine farms. CSF transmission in Japan likely progressed diffusively via wild boar movement, and tracking wild boar infections may help determine the risk of infection on swine farms. Our risk map highlights the importance of deciding vaccination policies according to predicted risk.