ArticleEMBO molecular medicine2021
Contraceptive progestins with androgenic properties stimulate breast epithelial cell proliferation.
Article in EMBO molecular medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Cancer Risk Profile of the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Device: A Narrative Review.Cancers · 2026Review
- Hormonal Contraceptive Formulations and Breast Cancer Risk in Adolescents and Premenopausal Women.JAMA oncology · 2025Article
- Article
- Androgen receptor signalling in non-prostatic malignancies: challenges and opportunities.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Review
- Hormonal Contraception and Breast Cancer Risk for Carriers of Germline Mutations inJournal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2025Observational
- EndoCompass Project: Research Roadmap for Endocrine Causes and Consequences of Cancers.Hormone research in paediatrics · 2025Review
- Mimicking women's endocrine milieu in mice for women's health-related studies.npj women's health · 2025Article
- Androgen transition and management of hereditary angioedema long-term prophylaxis in real life: a single-center case series.Orphanet journal of rare diseases · 2024Article
- Correlation between steroid receptor expression and response to progestational therapy in patients with atypical endometrial hyperplasia or cancer.Gynecologic oncology reports · 2024Article
- Is There a Special Role for Ovarian Hormones in the Pathogenesis of Lobular Carcinoma?Endocrinology · 2024Review
- Respective roles of Pik3ca mutations and cyproterone acetate impregnation in mouse meningioma tumorigenesis.Cancer gene therapy · 2023Article
- Article
- Women's health, hormonal balance, and personal autonomy.Frontiers in medicine · 2023Review
- RNA sequencing-based single sample predictors of molecular subtype and risk of recurrence for clinical assessment of early-stage breast cancer.NPJ breast cancer · 2022Article
- Progesterone activates GPR126 to promote breast cancer development via the Gi pathway.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2022Article
- Quercetin Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Buffalo Ovarian Granulosa Cells.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Upregulation of an estrogen receptor-regulated gene by first generation progestins requires both the progesterone receptor and estrogen receptor alpha.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- The Other Side of the Coin: May Androgens Have a Role in Breast Cancer Risk?International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Hormonal contraception exposes women to synthetic progesterone receptor (PR) agonists, progestins, and transiently increases breast cancer risk. How progesterone and progestins affect the breast epithelium is poorly understood because we lack adequate models to study this. We hypothesized that individual progestins differentially affect breast epithelial cell proliferation and hence breast cancer risk. Using mouse mammary tissue ex vivo, we show that testosterone-related progestins induce the PR target and mediator of PR signaling-induced cell proliferation receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (Rankl), whereas progestins with anti-androgenic properties in reporter assays do not. We develop intraductal xenografts of human breast epithelial cells from 36 women, show they remain hormone-responsive and that progesterone and the androgenic progestins, desogestrel, gestodene, and levonorgestrel, promote proliferation but the anti-androgenic, chlormadinone, and cyproterone acetate, do not. Prolonged exposure to androgenic progestins elicits hyperproliferation with cytologic changes. Androgen receptor inhibition interferes with PR agonist- and levonorgestrel-induced RANKL expression and reduces levonorgestrel-driven cell proliferation. Thus, different progestins have distinct biological activities in the breast epithelium to be considered for more informed choices in hormonal contraception.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.