ArticleVaccine: X2021
Seasonal influenza vaccination policies in the 194 WHO Member States: The evolution of global influenza pandemic preparedness and the challenge of sustaining equitable vaccine access.
Article in Vaccine: X, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Costs and cost-effectiveness of influenza illness and vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review from 2012 to 2022.PLoS medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Improving Influenza Vaccine Uptake in Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries: A Synthesis of Interventions and Strategic Recommendations.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Review
- Influenza vaccine recommendations and coverage (2018-2023): a foundation for pandemic preparedness and response.Vaccine · 2026Article
- Article
- Africa's Struggle to Meet Global Pandemic Influenza Immunization Targets: Lessons for Public Health Policy and Preparedness-A Focus on Ghana.Health science reports · 2026Article
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and recommendation among health workers in nine countries: a pooled analysis of survey data from 2023 to 2024.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Converging threats: The intersection of seasonal influenza surges and zoonotic highly pathogenic avian influenza.Global health & medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Using the COM-B model to explore factors influencing influenza vaccination among the elderly: Insights from primary healthcare workers in China.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Implementation strategies to increase seasonal influenza vaccination among adults: A rapid scoping review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Vaccination against influenza viruses annually: Renewing or narrowing the protective shield?The Journal of experimental medicine · 2025Review
- Biometric Strategies to Improve Vaccine Immunogenicity and Effectiveness.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Disparities in Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Europe.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Seasonal influenza surveillance and vaccination policies in the WHO South-East Asian Region.BMJ global health · 2025Review
- Explaining seasonality increases perceived effectiveness of influenza vaccination: An experimental study.British journal of health psychology · 2025Article
- Article
- Advancing influenza vaccines: A review of next-generation candidates and their potential for global health impact.Vaccine · 2024Review
- Seasonal influenza vaccination: A global review of national policies in 194 WHO member states in 2022.Vaccine · 2024Review
- Microfluidic qPCR for detection of 21 common respiratory viruses in children with influenza-like illness.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionAs of 2018, 118 of 194 WHO Member States reported the presence of an influenza vaccination policy. Although influenza vaccination policies do not guarantee equitable access or ensure vaccination coverage, they are critical to establishing a coordinated influenza vaccination program, which can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with yearly influenza, especially in high-risk groups. Established programs can also provide a good foundation for pandemic preparedness and response.
methodsWe utilized EXCEL and STATA to evaluate changes to national seasonal influenza vaccination policies reported on the
resultsFrom 2014 to 2018 there was a small net increase in national seasonal influenza vaccination policies from 114 (59%) to 118 (61%). There was an increase in policies targeting high-risk groups from 34 in 2014 (34 /114 policies, 29%) to 56 (56/118 policies, 47%) in 2018. Policies were consistently more frequent in high-income countries, in WHO Regions of the Americas (89% of countries) and Europe (89%), and in countries satisfying all three immunization system strength indicators. Low and low-middle income countries, representing 40% of the worlds' population, accounted for 52/61 (85%) of countries with no evidence of a policy in either year.
conclusionOur results demonstrate that national influenza vaccination policies vary significantly by region, income, and immunization system strength, and are less common in lower-income countries. Barriers to establishing and maintaining policies should be further examined as part of international efforts to expand influenza vaccination policies globally. Next generation influenza vaccine development should work to address barriers to influenza vaccination policy adoption, such as cost, logistics for adult vaccination, country priorities, need for yearly vaccination, and variations in seasonality.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.