ArticleJournal of family medicine and primary care2021
Clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters in patients with pubertal gynecomastia.
Article in Journal of family medicine and primary care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potential association between endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and gynecomastia: a systematic review based on partial experimental evidenceendocrine-disrupting chemicals.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Pooled it
- From Etiology to Aesthetic Surgery: Mapping Knowledge Domains and Emerging Trends in Gynecomastia Research: 35-Year Bibliometric Analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Review
- Diseases of the Male Breast: Gynecomastia and Breast Cancer.Deutsches Arzteblatt international · 2025Review
- Endocrine Hormones and Their Impact on Pubertal Gynecomastia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Case report on gynecomastia with ipsilateral recurrence of granulomatous lobular mastitis.The Journal of international medical research · 2023Article
- Unilateral breast enlargement in males during adolescence (10-19 years): Review of current literature and personal experience.Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis · 2023Review
- Gynecomastia with rare granulomatous lobular mastitis: a case report and literature review.The Journal of international medical research · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveGynecomastia is benign enlargement of breast in male. It is postulated that its development is primarily due to a mismatch in ratio of oestrogen and androgen at breast tissue. The aim of this study was to highlight the clinical features, presentation and hormonal parameters at the time of consultation.
methodsAll adolescent patients who attended endocrinology department with the complaint of breast enlargement were taken into study. We analysed their thyroid function test, oestrogen, testosterone, prolactin, alpha-fetoprotein, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, beta HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and liver function. Clinical features and anthropometry were recorded.
resultsOut of 50 patients enrolled, 34 (68%) had bilateral gynaecomastia while 16 patients (32%) had unilateral disease. Mastalgia was seen in 44 patients (88%). Psychological disturbance in the form of depression was seen in 60% of adolescent boys with gynecomastia. Tanner stage B had positive correlation with oestrogen to testosterone (E2/TTE) ratio (r = 0.47;
conclusionMastalgia was one of the presenting complaints in majority of patients and many had bilateral enlargement. Altered oestrogen to testosterone ratio is altered in majority of patients thus may be reason for pubertal gynecomastia.
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