ReviewPediatric research2022
Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome.
Review in Pediatric research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Placental hormones, IGF-1, and early-life growth: endocrine links between birth size and infant metabolic programming-a systematic review.European journal of pediatrics · 2026Pooled it
- Glucose-regulatory hormones and growth in very preterm infants fed fortified human milk.Pediatric research · 2024Trial
- Important Role of Renin-Angiotensin System and Vasopressin System in Cardiovascular, Metabolic and Psychogenic Disorders in Pregnancy and Early Postnatal Life: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Predicting abnormal birth weight and identifying associated factors using machine learning in the Hararghe Health and Demographic Surveillance System, Ethiopia.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Impact of prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics on maternal and fetal health: mechanisms, efficacy, and safety across pregnancy.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Postnatal Steroids in Preterm Infants: A Narrative Review Series-Part 3: Impacts on Growth, Neurodevelopment & Nutrition.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The dual face of human chorionic gonadotropin in the CNS: neuroprotection, signaling, and possible pathological effects.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2026Review
- Cardiometabolic characteristics of school-aged children born preterm with very low birth weight.Pediatric research · 2026Observational
- Short stature-related factors and nomogram-based risk prediction in children aged 7-12: evidence from Chaozhou, China.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Birth weight and neonatal morbidity as early-life risk factors for childhood cancer: a nationwide cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Dynamic Interactions between the Gut Microbiome, Health, and Metabolic Disorders in Preterm Infants.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- Growth factors, body composition and energy expenditure in late preterm and term infants during the first 4 months of life: a prospective cohort study.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2025Article
- The Effects of Maternal Endocrinopathies and Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors During Pregnancy on the Fetus and Newborn.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Recent advances in understanding pathophysiology of non-nutritional stunting in very preterm infants.Clinical and experimental pediatrics · 2025Article
- Postnatal Growth Assessment of the Very-Low-Birth-Weight Preterm Infant.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Association of Neonatal Morbidities and Postnatal Growth Faltering in Preterm Neonates.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Surviving prematurity: retrospective longitudinal study of multisystem consequences in preterm-born individuals from infancy to adolescence.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- [Growth in preterm infants and its relationship with metabolic profile and diet].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2025Observational
- Impact of Maternal Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Preterm Birth on the Development of Metabolic Disorders in Offspring.Journal of pediatrics, perinatology and child health · 2025Article
- Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 as early predictors of growth, body composition, and neurodevelopment in preterm infants.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Despite optimized nutrition, preterm-born infants grow slowly and tend to over-accrete body fat. We hypothesize that the premature dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit disrupts the maintenance of physiological endocrine function in the fetus, which has severe consequences for postnatal development. This review highlights the endocrine interactions of the maternal-placental-fetal unit and the early perinatal period in both preterm and term infants. We report on hormonal levels (including tissue, thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, pituitary, and placental hormones) and nutritional supply and their impact on infant body composition. The data suggest that the premature dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit leads to a clinical picture similar to panhypopituitarism. Further, we describe how the premature withdrawal of the maternal-placental unit, neonatal morbidities, and perinatal stress can cause differences in the levels of growth-promoting hormones, particularly insulin-like growth factors (IGF). In combination with the endocrine disruption that occurs following dissociation of the maternal-placental-fetal unit, the premature adaptation to the extrauterine environment leads to early and fast accretion of fat mass in an immature body. In addition, we report on interventional studies that have aimed to compensate for hormonal deficiencies in infants born preterm through IGF therapy, resulting in improved neonatal morbidity and growth. IMPACT: Preterm birth prematurely dissociates the maternal-placental-fetal unit and disrupts the metabolic-endocrine maintenance of the immature fetus with serious consequences for growth, body composition, and neonatal outcomes. The preterm metabolic-endocrine disruption induces symptoms resembling anterior pituitary failure (panhypopituitarism) with low levels of IGF-1, excessive postnatal fat mass accretion, poor longitudinal growth, and failure to thrive. Appropriate gestational age-adapted nutrition alone seems insufficient for the achievement of optimal growth of preterm infants. Preliminary results from interventional studies show promising effects of early IGF-1 supplementation on postnatal development and neonatal outcomes.
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Registered trials
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