SynthesisNutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD2021
Metabolic syndrome and the risk of late onset Alzheimer's disease: An updated review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06072963 (Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow), which is not on this map. Cited by 36 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Combination of Intranasal Insulin With Oral Semaglutide to Improve Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow: a Feasibility Study
Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Metabolic syndrome is associated with accelerated brain aging.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Mediating Role of Plasma Biomarkers Associated with Metabolic Syndrome in Cognitive Decline Among Older Adults.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026Article
- The olfactory-glymphatic syndrome: linking smell dysfunction, cognitive impairment and sleep disturbances in neuropathological disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Neuroprotective effects of ROCK inhibition on hippocampal energy metabolism in a rat model of metabolic syndrome.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2026Article
- Association of metabolic syndrome severity with cognitive decline among Chinese older adults: evidence from two prospective cohort studies.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Sex-difference in the association between Triglyceride-Glucose (TyG) index and dementia.Journal of diabetes and metabolic disorders · 2025Article
- Metabolic syndrome and risk of dementia and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies from 6,753,197 participants.GeroScience · 2025Review
- Late-onset alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, and cerebrovascular disease. A complex relationship too often neglected: a narrative review.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2025Review
- Impaired insulin receptor function alters psychiatric behaviors without affecting circadian rhythms in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Geriatrics & gerontology international · 2025Article
- The Conceivable Role of Metabolic Syndrome in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Cellular and Subcellular Alterations in Underpinning a Tale of Two.Neuromolecular medicine · 2025Review
- Decoding microglial immunometabolism: a new frontier in Alzheimer's disease research.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2025Review
- Pathology and Treatments of Alzheimer's Disease Based on Considering Changes in Brain Energy Metabolism Due to Type 2 Diabetes.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- New insight on the potential detrimental effect of metabolic syndrome on the Alzheimer disease neuropathology: Mechanistic role.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2024Review
- Association of waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index with cognitive impairment in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The Possible Associations between Tauopathies and Atherosclerosis, Diabetes Mellitus, Dyslipidemias, Metabolic Syndrome and Niemann-Pick Disease.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Carotenoid pattern intake and relation to metabolic status, risk and syndrome, and its components - divergent findings from the ORISCAV-LUX-2 survey.The British journal of nutrition · 2024Article
- Charting Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia: Epidemiological Insights, Risk Factors and Prevention Pathways.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
- Role of the Exposome in Neurodegenerative Disease: Recent Insights and Future Directions.Annals of neurology · 2024Review
- Sex differences in response to obesity and caloric restriction on cognition and hippocampal measures of autophagic-lysosomal transcripts and signaling pathways.BMC neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimsThis study aims to provide an updated systematic review and meta-analysis on the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to analyze the contribution of each MetS component on AD onset. DATA SYNTHESIS: The study was performed according to the PRISMA guideline. Data were obtained searching MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE for studies published between January 1, 2010 and July 30, 2020, evaluating the association between MetS and AD risk. A total of 255 articles were retrieved and 6 investigations (4 prospective and 2 retrospective) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 9.788.021 patients with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years were analyzed. The pooled analysis revealed a slight increased risk of AD in MetS (hazard ratio, HR: 1.10, 95% and confidence interval, CI: 1.05-1.15). Egger's test indicated the absence of publication bias (t = 2.095 and p = 0.104). However, while analysis based on prospective studies failed to show a significant association between MetS and AD (HR: 0.80 and 95% CI: 0.61-1.05), analysis based on retrospective studies demonstrated a significant, slight increased risk (HR:1.11 and 95% CI: 1.08-1.66). With regard to MetS components, the risk was: arterial hypertension, HR: 1.05 (95% CI: 1.04-10.6); hyperglycemia/diabetes, HR: 1.19 (95% CI: 1.18-1.99); low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HR: 1.07 (95% CI: 1.06-1.07); hypertriglyceridemia, HR: 1.06 (95% CI: 1.05-1.06); and abdominal obesity, HR: 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74-0.95).
conclusionsWe found a significant association between MetS and AD, mainly driven by large retrospective studies. Our data also support the association of single MetS components with AD incidence, while increased waist circumference seems to have a "protective role" probably due to reverse causality.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.