Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34038718›Full record

ArticleCell reports2021

A systematic analysis of signaling reactivation and drug resistance.

Boris N Kholodenko, Nora Rauch, Walter Kolch, Oleksii S Rukhlenko

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Cell reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
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  8. Phase II Trial of Vemurafenib and Sorafenib Combination in AdvancedJournal of immunotherapy and precision oncology · 2026
    Article
  9. Article
  10. Systems Biology of the Cancer Cell.Annual review of biomedical engineering · 2025
    Review
  11. Molecular principles underlying aggressive cancers.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025
    Review
  12. Review
  13. Article
  14. Review
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Boris N KholodenkoSystems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: boris.kholodenko@ucd.ie.
Nora RauchSystems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Walter KolchSystems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
Oleksii S RukhlenkoSystems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Funding

Multiscale Modeling to Optimize Inhibition of Oncogenic ERK Pathway SignalingR01CA244660 · NCI · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI HLAVACEK, WILLIAM S, KHOLODENKO, BORIS N · 2020 to 2024
$3.4M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA244660
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Increasing evidence suggests that the reactivation of initially inhibited signaling pathways causes drug resistance. Here, we analyze how network topologies affect signaling responses to drug treatment. Network-dependent drug resistance is commonly attributed to negative and positive feedback loops. However, feedback loops by themselves cannot completely reactivate steady-state signaling. Newly synthesized negative feedback regulators can induce a transient overshoot but cannot fully restore output signaling. Complete signaling reactivation can only occur when at least two routes, an activating and inhibitory, connect an inhibited upstream protein to a downstream output. Irrespective of the network topology, drug-induced overexpression or increase in target dimerization can restore or even paradoxically increase downstream pathway activity. Kinase dimerization cooperates with inhibitor-mediated alleviation of negative feedback. Our findings inform drug development by considering network context and optimizing the design drug combinations. As an example, we predict and experimentally confirm specific combinations of RAF inhibitors that block mutant NRAS signaling.

Indexed as

Drug Resistance, NeoplasmHumansSignal Transductiondrug resistancedrug synergykinase inhibitorskinetic modelsMAPK pathwaysmodular response analysisoncogenic RASRAF inhibitorssignaling networkstargeted therapy

Identifiers

PMID34038718
PMCPMC8202068

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.