ArticlePloS one2021
Human-derived Treg and MSC combination therapy may augment immunosuppressive potency in vitro, but did not improve blood brain barrier integrity in an experimental rat traumatic brain injury model.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regulatory T cells in perioperative neurocognitive disorders: a systematic review with structured narrative synthesis from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation.Frontiers in molecular neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Evolution of mesenchymal stem cell therapies for traumatic brain injury: A decade of advances, mechanisms, and translational prospects.Cell transplantationPooled it
- Harnessing Regulatory T Cells to Modulate Acute Brain Injury: From Mechanisms to Therapy.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Co-Delivery of Ferrostatin-1 and M2 Macrophage-Derived Exosomal Signals via Engineered Hybrid Nanovesicles Enables Synergistic Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2026Article
- In vitro assays for investigating the immunomodulatory properties of human mesenchymal stromal cells.Stem cell research & therapy · 2026Review
- Stem cell-mediated recovery in stroke: partnering with the immune system.Nature reviews. Neuroscience · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their dual role in modulating blood-brain barrier integrity in immune-mediated neurological pathologies.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Review
- T Cell Involvement in Neuroinflammation After Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2025Review
- Role of Regulatory T Cells in Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Mini-Review: Tregs as a Tool for Therapy-Obvious and Non-Obvious Challenges and Solutions.Cells · 2024Review
- Regulatory T lymphocytes in traumatic brain injury.Neurochemistry international · 2024Review
- Impact of inflammation and Treg cell regulation on neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury: mechanisms and therapeutic prospects.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes Treatment: Current Advances and Future Opportunity.Current stem cell research & therapy · 2024Review
- Determining Sex-Based Differences in Inflammatory Response in an Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Model.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Harmonizing the Federal Interagency Traumatic Brain Injury Research Informatics System to Study Pre-Injury Immunomodulator Exposure: A Proof-of-Concept Analysis.Neurotrauma reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes both physical disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and altered immune responses that can lead to significant secondary brain injury and chronic inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). Cell therapies, including mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), have been shown to restore BBB integrity and augment endogenous splenic regulatory T cells (Treg), a subset of CD4+ T cells that function to regulate immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. We have recently shown that infusion of human cord blood-derived Treg decreased neuroinflammation after TBI in vivo and in vitro. However, while both cells have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and regenerative potential, they likely utilize differing, although potentially overlapping, mechanisms. Furthermore, studies investigating these two cell types together, as a combination therapy, are lacking. In this study, we compared the ability of Treg+MSC combination therapy, as well as MSC and Treg monotherapies, to improve BBB permeability in vivo and suppress inflammation in vitro. While Treg+MSC combination did not significantly augment potency in vivo, our in vitro data demonstrates that combination therapy may augment therapeutic potency and immunosuppressive potential compared to Treg or MSC monotherapy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.