Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34038076›Full record

ArticleACS sensors2021

Nanoporous Gold for the Miniaturization of In Vivo Electrochemical Aptamer-Based Sensors.

Alex M Downs, Julian Gerson, M Nur Hossain, Kyle Ploense, Michael Pham, Heinz-Bernhard Kraatz, Tod Kippin, Kevin W Plaxco

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS sensors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
35citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

35 citing papers in PubMed.

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  12. Wearable Electrochemical Biosensors for Advanced Healthcare Monitoring.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Alex M DownsDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
Julian GersonDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
M Nur HossainDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada.
Kyle PloenseDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
Michael PhamDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
Heinz-Bernhard KraatzDepartment of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C1A4, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-7149-0110
Tod KippinDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.
Kevin W PlaxcoDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-4772-8771

Funding

Feedback controlled, ultra-high-precision drug deliveryR01AI145206 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA · PI PLAXCO, KEVIN W · 2019 to 2023
$2.0M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI145206
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Electrochemical aptamer-based sensors enable real-time molecular measurements in the living body. The spatial resolution of these measurements and ability to perform measurements in targeted locations, however, is limited by the length and width of the device's working electrode. Historically, achieving good signal to noise in the complex, noisy in vivo environment has required working electrode lengths of 3-6 mm. To enable sensor miniaturization, here we have enhanced the signaling current obtained for a sensor of given macroscopic dimensions by increasing its surface area. Specifically, we produced nanoporous gold via an electrochemical alloying/dealloying technique to increase the microscopic surface area of our working electrodes by up to 100-fold. Using this approach, we have miniaturized in vivo electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensors (here using sensors against the antibiotic, vancomycin) by a factor of 6 while retaining sensor signal and response times. Conveniently, the fabrication of nanoporous gold is simple, parallelizable, and compatible with both two- and three-dimensional electrode architectures, suggesting that it may be of value to a range of electrochemical biosensor applications.

Indexed as

Aptamers, NucleotideNanoporesElectrochemical TechniquesGoldMiniaturizationAptamers, NucleotideGoldaptamerbiosensorelectrochemicalin vivominiaturizationnanoporous goldsensorsquare wave voltammetry

Identifiers

PMID34038076
PMCPMC12045558

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.