Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34037278›Full record

ArticleHuman brain mapping2021

Spectral analysis of physiological brain pulsations affecting the BOLD signal.

Lauri Raitamaa, Niko Huotari, Vesa Korhonen, Heta Helakari, Anssi Koivula, Janne Kananen, Vesa Kiviniemi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Human brain mapping, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
40citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

40 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Sleep Alters the Velocity of Physiological Brain Pulsations in Humans.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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  15. Human deep sleep facilitates cerebrospinal fluid dynamics linked to spontaneous brain oscillations and neural events.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Lauri RaitamaaOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.ORCID 0000-0003-2884-6510
Niko HuotariOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.ORCID 0000-0001-5522-8334
Vesa KorhonenOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.ORCID 0000-0001-9403-4583
Heta HelakariOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.
Anssi KoivulaOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.
Janne KananenOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.ORCID 0000-0001-6831-8056
Vesa KiviniemiOulu Functional Neuro Imaging Group, Research Unit of Medical Imaging Physics and Technology (MIPT), University of Oulu, Oulu.ORCID 0000-0003-0184-8524

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Physiological pulsations have been shown to affect the global blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in human brain. While these pulsations have previously been regarded as noise, recent studies show their potential as biomarkers of brain pathology. We used the extended 5 Hz spectral range of magnetic resonance encephalography (MREG) data to investigate spatial and frequency distributions of physiological BOLD signal sources. Amplitude spectra of the global image signals revealed cardiorespiratory envelope modulation (CREM) peaks, in addition to the previously known very low frequency (VLF) and cardiorespiratory pulsations. We then proceeded to extend the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) method to each of these pulsations. The respiratory pulsations were spatially dominating over most brain structures. The VLF pulsations overcame the respiratory pulsations in frontal and parietal gray matter, whereas cardiac and CREM pulsations had this effect in central cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces and major blood vessels. A quasi-periodic pattern (QPP) analysis showed that the CREM pulsations propagated as waves, with a spatiotemporal pattern differing from that of respiratory pulsations, indicating them to be distinct intracranial physiological phenomenon. In conclusion, the respiration has a dominant effect on the global BOLD signal and directly modulates cardiovascular brain pulsations.

Indexed as

Cardiovascular Physiological PhenomenaNervous System Physiological PhenomenaRespiratory Physiological PhenomenaAdultBrainFemaleHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingamplitude of low-frequency fluctuationcardiorespiratory modulationfast fMRIglobal signalphysiological brain pulsationsresting state

Identifiers

PMID34037278
PMCPMC8356994

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.