ArticleBMJ open2021
Incarceration and Cancer-Related Outcomes (ICRO) study protocol: using a mixed-methods approach to investigate the role of incarceration on cancer incidence, mortality and quality of care.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Respect for bioethical principles and human rights in prisons: a systematic review on the state of the art.BMC medical ethics · 2024Pooled it
- Nurses' Perspectives on Cancer Care for People Who Experience Incarceration in British Columbia, Canada: Challenges and Opportunities.The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres · 2026Article
- Incarceration and cancer care disparities in the USA.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2025Article
- Incarceration and Quality of Cancer Care.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- What happens in the community? Broadening research on the impacts of mass incarceration.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Systematic Review of Surgical Care in the Incarcerated Population: Identifying Knowledge Gaps for Future Research.Annals of surgery open : perspectives of surgical history, education, and clinical approaches · 2024Review
- Incarceration and screen-detectable cancer diagnosis among adults in Connecticut.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2024Article
- Cancer incidence among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated individuals: A statewide retrospective cohort study.Cancer medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Disparities in cancer prevalence, incidence, and mortality for incarcerated and formerly incarcerated patients: A scoping review.Cancer medicine · 2021Article
- Care of Justice-Involved Populations.Missouri medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
introductionIncarceration is associated with decreased cancer screening rates and a higher risk for hospitalisation and death from cancer after release from prison. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between incarceration and cancer outcomes and quality of care. In the Incarceration and Cancer-Related Outcomes Study, we aim to develop a nuanced understanding of how incarceration affects cancer incidence, mortality and treatment, and moderates the relationship between socioeconomic status, structural racism and cancer disparities. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will use a sequential explanatory mixed-methods study design. We will create the first comprehensive linkage of data from the Connecticut Department of Correction and the statewide Connecticut Tumour Registry. Using the linked dataset, we will examine differences in cancer incidence and stage at diagnosis between individuals currently incarcerated, formerly incarcerated and never incarcerated in Connecticut from 2005 to 2016. Among individuals with invasive cancer, we will assess relationships among incarceration, quality of cancer care and mortality, and will assess the degree to which incarceration status moderates relationships among race, socioeconomic status, quality of cancer care and cancer mortality. We will use multivariable logistic regression and Cox survival models with interaction terms as appropriate. These results will inform our conduct of in-depth interviews with individuals diagnosed with cancer during or shortly after incarceration regarding their experiences with cancer care in the correctional system and the immediate postrelease period. The results of this qualitative work will help contextualise the results of the data linkage. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Yale University Institutional Review Board (#2000022899) and the Connecticut Department of Public Health Human Investigations Committee approved this study. We will disseminate study findings through peer-reviewed publications and academic and community presentations. Access to the deidentified quantitative and qualitative datasets will be made available on review of the request.
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Registered trials
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