ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2021
Therapeutic effect of various ginsenosides on rheumatoid arthritis.
Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Natural Bioactive Compounds in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Experimental Evidence from Adjuvant Arthritis Model Supporting Combination Strategies with Methotrexate.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Research progress on the mechanisms of Panax ginseng and its active components in maintaining skin homeostasis and disease intervention.Chinese medicine · 2026Review
- Machine learning reveals targets ofFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Bridging Pharmacology and Nanotechnology: Mechanistic Insights into Traditional Chinese Medicine-Based Nanodelivery Systems for Rheumatoid Arthritis.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- B cell receptor signaling in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targeting.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Ginsenoside compound K-based multifunctional liposomes for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Nanometer preparation of natural bioactive compounds for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.Journal of pharmaceutical analysis · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review of the effects ofJournal of ginseng research · 2025Review
- A comprehensive review of natural products in rheumatoid arthritis: therapeutic potential and mechanisms.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Potential of Korean Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods for Immune Enhancement.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng.Advances in pharmacological and pharmaceutical sciences · 2024Review
- Triterpenes as Potential Drug Candidates for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Article
- Novel Herbal Therapeutic YH23537 Improves Clinical Parameters in Ligature-Induced Periodontal Disease Model in Beagle Dogs.International journal of dentistry · 2023Article
- Antiaging effects of dietary supplements and natural products.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Review
- Isolation of oligostilbenes fromRSC advances · 2022Article
- Analysis of Key Chemical Components in Aqueous Extract Sediments of Panax Ginseng at Different Ages.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Natural medicines of targeted rheumatoid arthritis and its action mechanism.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Ninjin'yoeito suppressed the onset of arthritis, pain, and muscle atrophy in rheumatoid arthritis model mice.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which causes disability and threatens the health of humans. Therefore, it is of great significance to seek novel effective drugs for RA. It has been reported that various ginsenoside monomers are able to treat RA. However, it is still unclear which ginsenoside is the most effective and has the potential to be developed into an anti-RA drug.
methodsThe ginsenosides, including Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, Rb1, Rh2 and CK, were evaluated and compared for their therapeutic effect on RA. In in vitro cell studies, methotrexate (MTX) and 0.05% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was set as a positive control group and a negative control group, respectively. LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and TNF-α-induced HUVEC cells were cultured with MTX, DMSO and six ginsenosides, respectively. Cell proliferation was analyzed by MTT assay and cell apoptosis was carried out by flow cytometry. CIA mice model was developed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of ginsenosides. The analysis of histology, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and cytokine detections of the joint tissues were performed to elucidate the action mechanisms of ginsenosides.
resultsAll six ginsenosides showed good therapeutic effect on acute arthritis compared with the negative control group, Ginsenoside CK provided the most effective treatment ability. It could significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of RAW 264.7 and HUVEC cells, and substantially reduce the swelling, redness, functional impairment of joints and the pathological changes of CIA mice. Meanwhile, CK could increase CD8 + T cell to down-regulate the immune response, decrease the number of activated CD4 + T cell and proinflammatory M1-macrophages, thus resulting in the inhibition of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine such as TNF-α and IL-6.
conclusionGinsenoside CK was proved to be a most potential candidate among the tested ginsenosides for the treatment of RA, with a strong anti-inflammation and immune modulating capabilities.
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