ArticleVirulence2021
Time-dependent viral interference between influenza virus and coronavirus in the infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells.
Article in Virulence, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal organoids as models for integrated One Health research.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Review
- Reduction of virus isolation effectiveness from throat swab double positive to H1N1pdm09 and H3N2 influenza A virus strain with SARS-CoV-2 virus in cell cultures.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Animal organoids as transformative platforms for viral infections and zoonotic cross-species viral research.Journal of virology · 2026Review
- Establishment of Multiplex Digital PCR Assay for Detection of Four Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Primary cell culture systems to investigate host-pathogen interactions in bacterial respiratory tract infections of livestock.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Review
- Development of a triplex crystal digital PCR for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, and SIV.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- Article
- Article
- Establishment of Swine Primary Nasal, Tracheal, and Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Models for the Study of Influenza Virus Infection.Journal of virological methods · 2024Article
- Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Influenza viral infection is a risk factor for severe illness in COVID-19 patients: a nationwide population-based cohort study.Emerging microbes & infections · 2023Article
- Article
- Bacterial and Viral Co-Infection in the Intestine: Competition Scenario and Their Effect on Host Immunity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Interactions among 17 respiratory pathogens: a cross-sectional study using clinical and community surveillance data.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2022Article
- Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus as a Model for Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 Co-infections in California, USA, September 2020-April 2021.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Coronaviruses and influenza viruses are circulating in humans and animals all over the world. Co-infection with these two viruses may aggravate clinical signs. However, the molecular mechanisms of co-infections by these two viruses are incompletely understood. In this study, we applied air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) to analyze the co-infection by a swine influenza virus (SIV, H3N2 subtype) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) at different time intervals. Our results revealed that in short-term intervals, prior infection by influenza virus caused complete inhibition of coronavirus infection, while in long-term intervals, some coronavirus replication was detectable. The influenza virus infection resulted in (i) an upregulation of porcine aminopeptidase N, the cellular receptor for PRCoV and (ii) in the induction of an innate immune response which was responsible for the inhibition of PRCoV replication. By contrast, prior infection by coronavirus only caused a slight inhibition of influenza virus replication. Taken together, the timing and the order of virus infection are important determinants in co-infections. This study is the first to show the impact of SIV and PRCoV co- and super-infection on the cellular level. Our results have implications also for human viruses, including potential co-infections by SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza viruses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.