ArticleApplied psychology. Health and well-being2021
Reactance revisited: Consequences of mandatory and scarce vaccination in the case of COVID-19.
Article in Applied psychology. Health and well-being, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions Addressing Vaccine Hesitancy in the WHO European Region and in North America (United States and Canada): A Systematic Review.Public health reviews · 2026Pooled it
- Trial
- Misinformation, Freedom of Expression and Mandatory Vaccination.Public health ethics · 2026Article
- Psychological reactance to vaccine mandates on Twitter: a study of sentiments in the United States.Journal of public health policy · 2025Article
- Impact of Australia's No Jab, No Pay policy on vaccination uptake - a before-after study in two national birth cohorts.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2025Article
- Changing parental perceptions to childhood immunisations during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: evidence from three cross-sectional surveys between 2020 and 2022.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Article
- Behaviorally informed digital campaigns and their association with social media engagement and COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Belize.BMC global and public health · 2024Article
- Article
- Do COVID-19 Vaccination Policies Backfire? The Effects of Mandates, Vaccination Passports, and Financial Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination.Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2024Review
- Difficulties faced by physicians from four European countries in rebutting antivaccination arguments: a cross-sectional study.BMJ public health · 2024Article
- Exploring pre-pandemic patterns of vaccine decision-making with the 5C model: results from representative surveys in 2016 and 2018.BMC public health · 2024Article
- US state vaccine mandates did not influence COVID-19 vaccination rates but reduced uptake of COVID-19 boosters and flu vaccines compared to bans on vaccine restrictions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Short-term and long-term behavioral effects of vaccination mandates.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Article
- An online RCT on behavioural expectations effects of COVID-19 certification policies in England.Vaccine: X · 2023Article
- Article
- Communicating climate change and health to specific target groups.Journal of health monitoring · 2023Article
- Novel Psychosocial Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: Cross-Sectional Survey.JMIR formative research · 2023Article
- Partisan self-identification predicts attitudes of South Dakota nurses toward COVID-19 vaccine mandate for healthcare workers.Health policy and technology · 2023Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Psychological reactance theory assumes that the restriction of valued behaviors elicits anger and negative cognitions, motivating actions to regain the limited freedom. Two studies investigated the effects of two possible restrictions affecting COVID-19 vaccination: the limitation of non-vaccination by mandates and the limitation of vaccination by scarce vaccine supply. In the first study, we compared reactance about mandatory and scarce vaccination scenarios and the moderating effect of vaccination intentions, employing a German quota-representative sample (N = 973). In the preregistered second study, we replicated effects with an American sample (N = 1394) and investigated the consequences of reactance on various behavioral intentions. Results revealed that reactance was stronger when a priori vaccination intentions were low and a mandate was introduced or when vaccination intentions were high and vaccines were scarce. In both cases, reactance increased intentions to take actions against the restriction. Further, reactance due to a mandate was positively associated with intentions to avoid the COVID-19 vaccination and an unrelated chickenpox vaccination; it was negatively associated with intentions to show protective behaviors limiting the spread of the coronavirus. Opposite intentions were observed when vaccination was scarce. The findings can help policy-makers to curb the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.