ArticleJournal of movement disorders2021
The Four Square Step Test for Assessing Cognitively Demanding Dynamic Balance in Parkinson's Disease Patients.
Article in Journal of movement disorders, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07264101 (Validity And Reliability Of The Four Square Step Test In Individuals With Rheumatoid Arthritis), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Validity And Reliability Of The Four Square Step Test In Individuals With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neuroimaging and cognitive correlates of postural control in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2025Pooled it
- Complex, but not simple, motor tasks assessment improves detection of motor-cognitive interaction in midlife.GeroScience · 2026Article
- The association between cognitive function and physical performance in established users of a lower limb prosthesis.Irish journal of medical science · 2025Article
- A Computer Vision-Based System to Help Health Professionals to Apply Tests for Fall Risk Assessment.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The relationship between visual function and physical performance in the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA).PloS one · 2023Article
- Relationship between parental history of dementia, motor-cognitive and executive function performance in African American women.Journal of the neurological sciences · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe Four Square Step Test (FSST) is a tool that assesses dynamic balance during obstacle step-over. To date, few studies have used the FSST to measure balance in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to verify that patients with PD, even at the de novo early stage, take more time to perform the FSST and identify which factors, cognitive status or cardinal motor symptoms, are related most to FSST scores.
methodsThirty-five newly diagnosed drug-naïve patients with PD and 17 controls completed the FSST. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stage, spatiotemporal gait parameters, and neuropsychological test battery were also assessed in the PD group.
resultsMean FSST performance time was 8.20 ± 1.61 seconds in patients with PD, which was significantly more than the control group (7.13 ± 1.10 seconds, p = 0.018). UPDRS part III total score and H&Y stage were not significantly associated with FSST, but among the UPDRS subscores, only the postural instability/gait disturbance subscore showed a significant association. Regarding the association between FSST and cognition, the Trail Making Test-B and the Color Word Stroop Test showed strongly inverse correlations with FSST (rho = -0.598 and -0.590, respectively). With respect to gait parameters, double support time was significantly associated with FSST score (rho = 0.342, p = 0.044); however, other parameters, including velocity and step length, were not associated with the FSST.
conclusionThe FSST can be used in the clinic to assess dynamic balance with cognitive demands even in the early stages of PD.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.