ArticleContact dermatitis2021
Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin.
Article in Contact dermatitis, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dermal tattoos in biomedicine: Emerging platforms for sensing and therapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Does tattoo exposure increase the risk of cutaneous melanoma? A population-based case-control study.European journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Article
- Tattooed human in vitro skin model for testing the biocompatibility of tattoo inks and healing progression after tattooing.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Tattooing: immediate and long-term adverse reactions and complications.Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju · 2024Review
- Environmentally Controlled Microfluidic System Enabling Immune Cell Flow and Activation in an Endothelialised Skin-On-Chip.Advanced healthcare materials · 2024Article
- Multiple de novo spitzoid nevi arising within a specific red tattoo ink.JAAD case reports · 2024Article
- Complete Genome Sequence of Metabacillus litoralis Strain NCTR108, Isolated from Commercial Tattoo Ink.Microbiology resource announcements · 2022Article
- "For Asia Market Only": A Green Tattoo Ink between Safety and Regulations.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of intradermally injected tattoo inks in reconstructed human skin.Contact dermatitis · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe number of people within the European population having at least one tattoo has increased notably, and with it the number of tattoo-associated clinical complications. Despite this, safety information and testing regarding tattoo inks remain limited.
objectiveTo assess cytotoxicity and sensitization potential of 16 tattoo inks after intradermal injection into reconstructed human skin (RHS).
methodsCommercially available tattoo inks were injected intradermally into RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast-populated collagen hydrogel) using a permanent makeup device. RHS biopsies, tissue sections, and culture medium were assessed for cytotoxicity (thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay [MTT assay]), detrimental histological changes (haematoxylin and eosin staining), and the presence of inflammatory and sensitization cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-8, IL-18; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).
resultsVarying degrees of reduced metabolic activity and histopathological cytotoxic effects were observed in RHS after ink injection. Five inks showed significantly reduced metabolic activity and enhanced sensitization potential compared with negative controls. DISCUSSION: Using the RHS model system, four tattoo inks were identified as highly cytotoxic and classified as potential sensitizers, suggesting that allergic contact dermatitis could emerge in individuals carrying these inks. These results indicate that an RHS-based assessment of cytotoxicity and sensitization potential by intradermal tattoo ink injection is a useful analytical tool to determine ink-induced deleterious effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.