ArticleEClinicalMedicine2021
Current evidence on the adoption of indicator condition guided testing for HIV in western countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Article in EClinicalMedicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 50 citations in OpenAlex.
- Missed opportunities for HIV testing among those who accessed sexually transmitted infection (STI) services, tested for STIs and diagnosed with STIs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2023Pooled it
- Implementing HIV teams sustainably improves HIV indicator condition testing rates in hospitals in the Netherlands: the #aware.hiv clinical trial.AIDS (London, England) · 2025Trial
- Article
- Qualitative Study of Healthcare Providers and Test Recipients on Progress and Implementation Gaps in HIV Testing Strategies - Five Regions, China, November 2023-July 2024.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- HIV Seroprevalence and Screening Practices Among Cancer Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Single-Center Study From Türkiye.Journal of clinical practice and research · 2026Article
- Missed Opportunities for HIV Testing in Hospitalised Adults in Türkiye: Indicator Conditions and Testing Coverage in a National Multicentre Point-Prevalence Survey (HIV-ICs-TR).Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Risk factors for late HIV diagnosis in England, 2015-2023.HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Developing the PATH-GP (Prevention and Testing for HIV in General Practice) intervention: a person-based approach intervention development study to increase HIV testing and PrEP access.The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners · 2026Article
- European Code Against Cancer, 5th edition - cancer-causing infections and related interventions.Molecular oncology · 2026Review
- Estimating the potential health economic value of introducing universal opt-out testing for HIV in emergency departments in Italy.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Characterising HIV-Indicator conditions among two nationwide long-term cohorts of people living with HIV in Germany (1999-2023).Infection · 2025Observational
- Pneumocystis Pneumonia-Is it Still a Threat Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)? A Danish HIV Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Implicit bias in HIV testing based on indicator conditions in primary care: a population-based study in Catalonia, Spain, 2017 to 2021.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- High acceptability of point-of-care HIV testing at the colposcopy outpatient clinic in hospitals in the Netherlands.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2025Article
- Missed opportunities for early HIV diagnosis in Greece: The MORFEAS study, 2019 to 2021.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2024Article
- Prevalence of HIV in people with potential HIV-indicator conditions in Germany: an analysis of data from statutory health insurances.EClinicalMedicine · 2024Article
- Enhancing indicator condition-guided HIV testing in Taiwan: a nationwide case-control study from 2009 to 2015.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Systematic Review: Strategies for Improving HIV Testing and Detection Rates in European Hospitals.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- A 95% decline in estimated newly acquired HIV infections, Amsterdam, 2010 to 2022.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2023Article
- Optimization of HIV testing services in Germany using HIV indicator diseases: study protocol of the HeLP study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIndicator condition (IC) guided testing for HIV is an effective way to identify undiagnosed people living with HIV, but studies suggest its implementation is lacking. This systematic review provides an overview of the adoption of IC-guided testing in Western countries.
methodsSeven ICs were selected: tuberculosis (TB), malignant lymphoma, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, cervical/vulvar carcinoma/intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2+ (CC/CIN2+, VC/VIN2+), and peripheral neuropathy (PN). Embase and Ovid MEDLINE were searched up to November 20th, 2020. Publications of all types, using data from ≥2009, reporting on HIV test ratios in patients ≥18 years in all settings in Western countries were eligible. HIV test ratios and positivity were reported per IC. A random effects-model for proportions was used to calculate estimated proportions (ES) with 95% CIs. This study was registered at PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020160243.
findingsFifty-seven references, including 23 full-text articles and 34 other publications were included. Most (28/57) reported on HIV testing in TB. No reports on HIV testing in VC/VIN2+ or PN patients were eligible for inclusion. Large variation in HIV test ratios was observed between and within ICs, resulting from different testing approaches. Highest HIV test ratios (pooled ratio: 0·72, 95%CI 0·63-0·80) and positivity (0·05, 95% CI 0·03-0·06) were observed among TB patients, and lowest among CC/CIN2+ patients (pooled ES test ratio: 0·12, 95%CI 0·01-0·31, positivity: 0·00, 95%CI 0·00-0·00).
interpretationIC-guided HIV testing is insufficiently implemented in Western countries. The large variation in test ratios provides insight into priority areas for implementing routine IC-guided HIV testing in the future.
fundingHIV Transmission Elimination in Amsterdam (H-TEAM) consortium and Aidsfonds (grant number P-42,702).
Identifiers
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.