Longevity pathways are associated with human ovarian ageing.

study questionAre genes known to be involved in somatic cell ageing, particularly related to longevity pathways, associated with the accelerated ageing process of the ovary? SUMMARY ANSWER: Growth, metabolism, and cell-cycle progression-related pathways that are involved in somatic cell ageing are also associated with ovarian ageing. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Ovarian ageing is characterized by a gradual decline in ovarian follicle quantity, a decline in oocyte quality, and lower chances of pregnancy. Genetic pathways modulating the rate of somatic cell ageing have been researched intensively. Ovarian ageing does not follow the same timeline as somatic cell ageing, as signs of ovarian ageing occur at a younger female age, while the somatic cells are still relatively young. It is not known whether the generally recognized somatic cell longevity genes also play a role during ovarian ageing. Looking at somatic cell longevity genes can lead to new hypotheses and possible treatment options for subfertility caused by ovarian ageing. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: In this observational study, we analysed a dataset of individual gene expression profiles of 38 germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes from 38 women aged between 25 and 43 years. We correlated female age (calendar age in years) and biological age (factors known to be associated with ovarian ageing such as dosage of FSH needed for ovarian hyperstimulation, and antral follicle count (AFC)) with gene expression signatures of longevity pathways. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING

methodsTranscripts of 38 GV oocytes were used for individual gene expression analysis. R version 3.5.1 was used to process and analyse data. The GeneAge database (build 19) was used to obtain mouse ageing-related genes. Human to mouse orthologues were obtained using the R package biomaRt. Correlations and significance between gene expression data and age were tested for using Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient using ranked expression data. Distributions were compared with an ANOVA, and the Tukey Honest Significant Difference method was used to control for the Type I error rate across multiple comparisons. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Of the 136 genes in the GeneAge database, the expression of 15 anti-longevity genes identified in oocytes showed a positive correlation with female calendar age and FSH dosage administered during ICSI treatment, and a negative correlation with AFC. Expression of 32 pro-longevity genes was negatively correlated with calendar age and FSH dosage, and positively correlated with AFC. In general, anti- and pro-longevity genes changed in opposing directions with advancing maternal age in oocytes. Notably, the anti-longevity genes include many 'growth'-related genes involved in the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) Complex 1 pathway, such as EIF5A2, EIF3H, EIF4E, and mTOR. The pro-longevity genes include many cell-cycle progression-related genes involved in DNA damage repair (e.g. XRCC6, ERCC2, and MSH2) or cell-cycle checkpoint regulation genes (e.g. ATM, BRCA1, TP53, TP63, TP73, and BUB1B). LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: Using mature oocytes instead of GV-stage oocytes discarded from ICSI treatments may provide different results. No correction for multiple testing was carried out on individual genes because a small set of longevity-related genes was selected a priori for the analysis. The global trend was corrected for multiple testing and remained significant. This work was an observational study and, as no additional experimental work was performed, the associations described do not directly demonstrate the involvement of such genes in oocyte ageing. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE

findingsGrowth, metabolism, and cell-cycle progression-related pathways that are known to be involved in somatic cell ageing were associated with ovarian ageing. If experimental data are obtained to support these associations, we suggest that interventions known to modulate these processes could benefit women suffering from ovarian ageing. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: G.E.J. is supported by a VENI grant from ZonMw (https://www.zonmw.nl). Work in the Houtkooper group is financially supported by an ERC Starting grant (No. 638290), a VIDI grant from ZonMw (No. 91715305), and the Velux Stiftung (No. 1063). M.G. declares several research and educational grants from Guerbet, Merck and Ferring (all location VUmc), outside the scope of the submitted work. The other authors report no competing interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.