Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34026920›Full record

ArticlePsychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity2020

Real-time associations between discrimination and anxious and depressed mood among sexual and gender minorities: The moderating effects of lifetime victimization and identity concealment.

Nicholas A Livingston, Annesa Flentje, James Brennan, Ethan H Mereish, Oakleigh Reed, Bryan N Cochran

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Psychology of sexual orientation and gender diversity, 2020. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
41citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
9.6field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

41 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 96 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Mood reactivity to daily family stressors among transgender and nonbinary parents during the COVID-19 pandemic.Journal of family psychology : JFP : journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) · 2026
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  13. Measuring outness in a national sample of sexual minority, gender minority, and sexual and gender minority youth.Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence · 2025
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  16. Antisemitism on Campus in the Wake of October 7: Examining Stress, Coping, and Depressive Symptoms Among Jewish Students.Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.

Nicholas A LivingstonNational Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA.
Annesa FlentjeDepartment of Community Health Systems, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
James BrennanDepartment of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Ethan H MereishDepartment of Health Studies, American University, Washington, D.C.
Oakleigh ReedDepartment of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
Bryan N CochranDepartment of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
University of Montana · USAmerican University · USBoston University · USUniversity of California, San Francisco · US

Funding

Gene expression outcomes in interventions for substance using HIV+ minority menK23DA039800 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI FLENTJE, ANNESA · 2015 to 2019
$1.0M
Minority Stress Reactivity and Hazardous DrinkingK08AA025011 · NIAAA · AMERICAN UNIVERSITY · PI MEREISH, ETHAN H. · 2017 to 2021
$846k
NIAAA NIH HHS K08 AA025011NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA039800
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSexual and gender minorities (SGM) experience higher rates of depression and anxiety, which are linked to higher rates of discrimination and victimization. SGM individuals may conceal their SGM identities to decrease discrimination and victimization exposure; however, these experiences still occur, and concealment itself is often associated with greater anxiety and depression. However, it remains unclear whether lifetime victimization and identity concealment moderate the effect of day-to-day discrimination, which we evaluated in the current study using ecological momentary assessment (EMA).

methodsFifty SGM participants (

resultsAs hypothesized, daily discrimination predicted momentary increases in anxious and depressed mood, DISCUSSION: While identity concealment may reduce exposure to discrimination and victimization, we found that concealment and prior victimization predict heightened reactivity to daily discrimination experiences. Additional research is needed to further explicate real-time effects of minority stress exposure, and to develop interventions that may mitigate risk among SGM individuals with prior victimization exposure and higher levels of identity concealment in particular.

Indexed as

anxietydepressionecological momentary assessmentLGBTminority stress

Identifiers

PMID34026920
PMCPMC8132594
OpenAlexW3000296784

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.