ArticleJournal of human kinetics2021
Influence of Biological Maturity on the Muscular Strength of Young Male and Female Swimmers.
Article in Journal of human kinetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Resistance Training on Muscle Hypertrophy in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Pooled it
- Muscle strength, muscle morphology, and oxidative capacity in normal weight versus overweight and obese youth: a systematic review with meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Equivalence between FTP and RCP: Assessment of association, agreement and sex effect.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2026Article
- Neuromuscular performance of the glenohumeral joint in young female tennis players: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
- Reliability of the biceps curl test and proposed percentiles in schoolchildren living at moderate altitude in Peru.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Comparison of force variables and dynamic strength index between age groups in elite young Brazilian football goalkeepers.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- The Addition of Sprint Interval Training to Field Lacrosse Training Increases Rate of Torque Development and Contractile Impulse in Female High School Field Lacrosse Players.Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology · 2023Article
- Obesity Status and Physical Fitness Levels in Male and Female Portuguese Adolescents: A Two-Way Multivariate Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Comparison of Knee Muscular Strength Balance among Pre- and Post-Puberty Adolescent Swimmers: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Obesity-Related Factors in Adult Women with Early Menarche.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Association between Pulmonary Function and Body Composition in Children and Adolescents with and without Obesity.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- Effect of Sex and Maturation on Knee Extensor and Flexor Strength in Adolescent Athletes.The American journal of sports medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The present study compared the evolution of strength and muscle mass in swimmers of both sexes across different chronological and biological ages. Seventy-six swimmers (55 males and 21 females) from 10 to 20 years of age underwent evaluations of sexual maturation using the developmental stage of the genitals (G1, G2, G3 G4 and G5) and pubic hair (P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5) (Tanner criteria), lean mass using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method, and isokinetic strength of the knee extensor muscles. Boys did not present a significant difference in strength among G1, G2, and G3 (p > 0.05) nor between 10 and 13 years of age (p > 0.05), although significant differences in strength of the extensor (p = 0.038) muscles of the knee were found between G3 and G4 and between athletes of 10 and 14 years of age (extensor muscles, p = 0.033). Muscle mass was different between G3 and G4 (p = 0.003) and between 10 and 14 years of age (p = 0.020). The mean age of boys in the G4 pubertal stage was 13.7 ± 2.0 years, although from 12 to 16 years of age, boys are typically in the G4 stage. Girls showed no significant differences in strength nor muscle mass among the pubertal stages (p > 0.05). We conclude that by equating boys by chronological age, individuals with different pubertal development levels, muscle mass, and strength levels can be grouped. Therefore, the relationship between the level of pubertal deve-lopment and chronological age seems to be a useful strategy for grouping boys, while grouping girls by chronological age seems adequate for training and competition.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.