ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Longitudinal Analysis of COVID-19 Patients Shows Age-Associated T Cell Changes Independent of Ongoing Ill-Health.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Functional Recovery of Adults Following Acute COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Physical therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Blood Biomarkers of Long COVID: A Systematic Review.Molecular diagnosis & therapy · 2024Pooled it
- Increased interleukin-6 is associated with long COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Pooled it
- Review
- Digitally Assessed Long COVID Symptomatology Is Associated With Lymphocyte Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Altered Immune Potential.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- T-cell exhaustion in COVID-19: what do we know?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Factors influencing healthcare worker symptomatic respiratory infection and vaccine uptake during the post-COVID-19 pandemic period.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2025Article
- Ocular neuroinflammatory response secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Challenges and opportunities in long COVID research.Immunity · 2024Article
- Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Cellular Immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in the Borriana COVID-19 Cohort: A Nested Case-Control Study.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Potential Beneficial Effects of Naringin and Naringenin on Long COVID-A Review of the Literature.Microorganisms · 2024Review
- Retrospective evaluation of "Rods and Rings" pattern detected in the anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Different polarization and functionality of CD4+ T helper subsets in people with post-COVID condition.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- The role of immune activation and antigen persistence in acute and long COVID.Journal of investigative medicine : the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research · 2023Review
- Recombinant Human Interleukin-2 Corrects NK Cell Phenotype and Functional Activity in Patients with Post-COVID Syndrome.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 is characterized by diminished peripheral CD8Nature communications · 2023Article
- Pathogenesis Underlying Neurological Manifestations of Long COVID Syndrome and Potential Therapeutics.Cells · 2023Review
- Immunological profiling in long COVID: overall low grade inflammation and T-lymphocyte senescence and increased monocyte activation correlating with increasing fatigue severity.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Simulation of COVID-19 symptoms in a genetically engineered mouse model: implications for the long haulers.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
18 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Objectives: The immunological and inflammatory changes following acute COVID-19 are hugely variable. Persistent clinical symptoms following resolution of initial infection, termed Methods: We performed paired immunophenotyping at initial SARS-CoV-2 infection and convalescence (n=40, median 68 days) and validated findings in 71 further patients at median 101 days convalescence. Results were compared to 40 pre-pandemic controls. Fatigue and exercise tolerance were assessed as cardinal features of Results: We identify persistent expansion of intermediate monocytes, effector CD8+, activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and reduced naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 68 days, with activated CD8+ T cells remaining increased at 101 days. Patients >60 years also demonstrate reduced naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and expanded activated CD4+ T cells at 101 days. Ill-health, fatigue, and reduced exercise tolerance were common in this cohort. These symptoms were not associated with immune cell populations or circulating inflammatory cytokines. Conclusion: We demonstrate myeloid recovery but persistent T cell abnormalities in convalescent COVID-19 patients more than three months after initial infection. These changes are more marked with age and are independent of ongoing subjective ill-health, fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.