ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Serum Short-Chain Fatty Acids and Associations With Inflammation in Newly Diagnosed Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Healthy Controls.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Metabolomics in Multiple Sclerosis: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Perspectives-A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- The modulatory role of short-chain fatty acids on peripheral circadian gene expression: a systematic review.Frontiers in physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Dynamic changes in kynurenine pathway metabolites in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of dance classes on motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition in multiple sclerosis patients: Randomized controlled trial.European journal of sport science · 2024Trial
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.mSystems · 2026Article
- CAR-T Cell Therapy and Gut Microbiota Modulation in Multiple Sclerosis: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Current Limitations.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Neuroimmune interactions: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic targets.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Integrating Genetics and Environment to Find Causal Mechanisms for Multiple Sclerosis.European journal of immunology · 2026Review
- High-intensity exercise training alters gut microbiota to mitigate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Integrated multi-omics analysis identifies microbial and metabolic signatures and drivers of CNS autoimmunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A multi-step screening algorithm for fecal microbiota transplantation donors: integrating metagenomic and metabolomic profiling for improved safety and donor quality assessment.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Application of Probiotics and Postbiotics in Neurological Disorders.Current pharmaceutical biotechnology · 2026Review
- Reduced fibre-fermenting capacity of gut microbes in multiple sclerosis may result in prebiotic dietary fibre β-fructan promoting inflammation and CNS damage.eGastroenterology · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Dysbiosis and Therapeutic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Multiple Sclerosis: A Narrative Review.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Microbiota-Derived SCFAs in Multiple Sclerosis: From Immune Priming to Neurodegeneration.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Linking Nutrients to Multiple Sclerosis Pathogenesis: Biological Evidence and Clinical Implications.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Kynurenine Pathway Modulation by Exercise in Multiple Sclerosis: Implications for Neuroprotection and Inflammation.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disease characterized by demyelination and neuroaxonal damage in the central nervous system. The etiology is complex and is still not fully understood. Accumulating evidence suggests that our gut microbiota and its metabolites influence the MS pathogenesis. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate and butyrate, are metabolites produced by gut microbiota through fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates. SCFAs and kynurenine metabolites have been shown to have important immunomodulatory properties, and propionate supplementation in MS patients has been associated with long-term clinical improvement. However, the underlying mechanisms of action and its importance in MS remain incompletely understood. We analyzed serum levels of SCFAs and performed targeted metabolomics in relation to biomarkers of inflammation, and clinical and MRI measures in newly diagnosed patients with relapsing-remitting MS before their first disease modifying therapy and healthy controls (HCs). We demonstrated that serum acetate levels were nominally reduced in MS patients compared with HCs. The ratios of acetate/butyrate and acetate/(propionate + butyrate) were significantly lower in MS patients in a multivariate analysis (orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis; OPLS-DA). The mentioned ratios and acetate levels correlated negatively with the pro-inflammatory biomarker
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.