ArticleJournal of ginseng research2021
Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4.
Article in Journal of ginseng research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Predictive factors for the progression of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- Reporting quality and risk of bias of randomized controlled trials of Chinese herbal medicine for multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Overcoming Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease: NADPH Oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a Potential Therapeutic Target.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Clinical randomized controlled trial and network pharmacological analysis of blood glucose regulation by Korean red ginseng in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation.Journal of ginseng research · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis into immune regulation, autophagy, gut microbiota, blood-brain barrier integrity, and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in multiple sclerosis: potential clinical implications.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Can Panax ginseng help protect the body from the harmful effects of airborne particulate matter?Journal of ginseng research · 2025Review
- Multiple Sclerosis: A Story of the Interaction Between Gut Microbiome and Components of the Immune System.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Korean black ginseng extract alleviates Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and suppressing the p38 MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 pathways and NLRP3 inflammasome via TLR2 and TLR4 modulation.Journal of ginseng research · 2025Article
- The role of Panax ginseng in neurodegenerative disorders: mechanisms, benefits, and future directions.Metabolic brain disease · 2025Review
- Non-saponin fromJournal of ginseng research · 2025Article
- Exploring the Potential Therapeutic Approach Using Ginsenosides for the Management of Neurodegenerative Disorders.Molecular biotechnology · 2024Review
- Exploring phytochemicals and pharmacological properties ofFrontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Ginsenosides fromInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Rg3-enriched Korean red ginseng alleviates chloroquine-induced itch and dry skin pruritus in an MrgprA3-dependent manner in mice.Integrative medicine research · 2023Article
- Natural products targeting cellular processes common in Parkinson's disease and multiple sclerosis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- The Role of Thymoquinone in Inflammatory Response in Chronic Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
- Potential Utility of Natural Products against Oxidative Stress in Animal Models of Multiple Sclerosis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Ginsenoside compound K reduces the progression of Huntington's disease via the inhibition of oxidative stress and overactivation of the ATM/AMPK pathway.Journal of ginseng research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMultiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are primarily characterized as dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Ginsenoside-Rg3-enriched Korean Red Ginseng extract (Rg3-KRGE) is known to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects on neurological disorders. However, effects of Rg3-KRGE in EAE remain unclear.
methodsHere, we investigated whether Rg3-KRGE may improve the symptoms and pathological features of myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein (MOG)
resultsRg3-KRGE decreased EAE score and spinal demyelination. Rg3-KRGE inhibited Evan's blue dye leakage in spinal cord, suppressed increases of adhesion molecule platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, extracellular matrix proteins fibronection, and matrix metallopeptidase-9, and prevented decreases of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1, claudin-3, and claudin-5 in spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE repressed increases of proinflammatory transcripts cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but enhanced expression levels of anti-inflammatory transcripts arginase-1 and IL-10 in the spinal cord following EAE induction. Rg3-KRGE inhibited the expression of oxidative stress markers (MitoSOX and 4-hydroxynonenal), the enhancement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOX4, and NADPH activity in the spinal cord of chronic EAE mice. Furthermore, apocynin, a NOX inhibitor, mimicked beneficial effects of Rg3-KRGE in chronic EAE mice.
conclusionOur findings suggest that Rg3-KRGE might alleviate behavioral symptoms and pathological features of MS by improving BBB integrity through modulation of NOX2/4 expression.
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