ArticleNeuroscience research2021
Metformin reduces neuroinflammation and improves cognitive functions after traumatic brain injury.
Article in Neuroscience research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of early adjunctive pharmacotherapy on serum levels of brain injury biomarkers in patients with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of randomized controlled studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- The NLRP3 Inflammasome in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Metformin and Sitagliptin Impact the Brain Kynurenine Pathway: Region-Specific Modulation of Neuroactive Metabolites in Non-Diabetic Male Rats.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Immunometabolism Reframes Alzheimer's Disease: From Systemic Dysmetabolism to Glial Rewiring.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Targeting mitofusin 1-mediated mitochondrial dynamics to suppress neuroinflammation and pyroptosis after traumatic brain injury.Burns & trauma · 2026Article
- Metformin Improves Spatial Memory and Reduces Seizure Severity in a Rat Model of Epilepsy and Alzheimer's Disease comorbidity via PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Effects of metformin use on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes.Acta neurochirurgica · 2025Article
- Metformin and fibromyalgia pathophysiology: current insights and promising future therapeutic strategies.Molecular biology reports · 2024Review
- J147 treatment protects against traumatic brain injury by inhibiting neuronal endoplasmic reticulum stress potentially via the AMPK/SREBP-1 pathway.Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury.Medicines (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- View on Metformin: Antidiabetic and Pleiotropic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, Side Effects, and Sex-Related Differences.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Novel Activity of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Linked with Decreased Formation of Tryptophan Metabolite, Kynurenic Acid.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023Review
- Leaky Gut Plays a Critical Role in the Pathophysiology of Autism in Mice by Activating the Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Toll-Like Receptor 4-Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88-Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway.Neuroscience bulletin · 2023Article
- The endogenous progenitor response following traumatic brain injury: a target for cell therapy paradigms.Neural regeneration research · 2022Review
- Review
- Immune modulation after traumatic brain injury.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Focal lesion size poorly correlates with motor function after experimental traumatic brain injury in mice.PloS one · 2022Article
- Rescuing mitochondria in traumatic brain injury and intracerebral hemorrhages - A potential therapeutic approach.Neurochemistry international · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Within the brain, traumatic brain injury (TBI) alters synaptic plasticity and increases neuroinflammation and neuronal death. Yet, there lacks effective TBI treatments providing pleiotropic beneficial effects on these diverse cellular processes necessary for functional recovery. Here, we show the diabetes drug, metformin, significantly improves cognitive functions after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury in mice, showing improved spatial learning and nest building. Furthermore, injured animals treated with metformin exhibit increased ramification of microglia processes, indicating reduced neuroinflammation. Finally, metformin treatment in vitro increased neuronal activation of partitioning defective 1 (Par1), a family of Ser/Thr kinases playing a key role in synaptic plasticity and neuroinflammation. These results suggest metformin is a promising therapeutic agent for targeting multiple cellular processes necessary for functional TBI recovery.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.