ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2021
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the general population and healthcare workers in India, December 2020-January 2021.
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88 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 145 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Differential COVID-19 infection rates in children, adults, and elderly: Systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 pre-vaccination national seroprevalence studies.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Age-stratified infection fatality rate of COVID-19 in the non-elderly population.Environmental research · 2023Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in Brazil: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2023Pooled it
- Global SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence from January 2020 to April 2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of standardized population-based studies.PLoS medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in India, March 2020 to August 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Impact of community masking on COVID-19: A cluster-randomized trial in Bangladesh.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2022Trial
- Immunoinformatics based designing of a broad-spectrum multi-epitope vaccine against co-infection of human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza A virus.Scientific reports · 2026Article
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- Seroprevalence of SARS CoV 2 IgG in pandemic frontline healthcare workers.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors of SARS- CoV-2 seropositivity in rural tribal population of Tripura: A population based cross-sectional study.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Vector-borne diseases and their role in COVID-19 dynamics and death rates: focus on India.Folia microbiologica · 2025Article
- Socioecology and Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Quilombolas Living in the Brazilian Amazon.American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council · 2025Article
- A longitudinal study depicting persistence of COVID-19 antibodies after half a year using chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay among healthcare workers and frontline workers in Mumbai, India's largest metropoli.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Sero-Surveillance to Evaluate Trends in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a Central Indian District.Cureus · 2025Article
- Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in children with nephrotic syndrome and chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study from India.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2025Article
- All-Cause and Cause-Specific Excess Mortality During the First Two Years of the COVID-19 Pandemic in North-East of Iran: Reiterating the Significance of High-Quality Healthcare Systems.International journal of health policy and management · 2025Article
- Shift in Demographic Involvement and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 From Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 to the Delta Variant in the Indian Population: In Silico Analysis.Interactive journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Large and unequal life expectancy declines during the COVID-19 pandemic in India in 2020.Science advances · 2024Article
28 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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99 authors at 19 institutions in 1 country.
Manoj V MurhekarICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Electronic address: mmurhekar@nieicmr.org.in.
Tarun BhatnagarICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jeromie Wesley Vivian ThangarajICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
V SaravanakumarICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Muthusamy Santhosh KumarICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Sriram SelvarajuICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Kiran RadeWHO Country Office for India, New Delhi, India.
C P Girish KumarICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
R SabarinathanICMR National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Alka TurukIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
Smita AsthanaICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Rakesh BalachandarICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Sampada Dipak BangarICMR National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Avi Kumar BansalICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Vishal ChopraState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India.
Dasarathi DasICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Alok Kumar DebICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Kangjam Rekha DeviICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
Vikas DhikavICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Gaurav Raj DwivediICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
S Muhammad Salim KhanGovernment Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu, India.
M Sunil KumarState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Avula LaxmaiahICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Major MadhukarICMR Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Amarendra MahapatraICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Chethana RangarajuNational Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Jyotirmayee TurukICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Rajiv YadavICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Rushikesh AndhalkarICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
K ArunrajICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dinesh Kumar BharadwajICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Pravin BhartiICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Debdutta BhattacharyaICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Jyothi BhatICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Ashrafjit S ChahalState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Patiala, Punjab, India.
Debjit ChakrabortyICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Anshuman ChaudhuryICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Hirawati DevalICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Sarang DhatrakICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Rakesh DayalState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
D ElantamilanICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Prathiksha GiridharanICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Inaamul HaqGovernment Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu, India.
Ramesh Kumar HuddaICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Babu JagjeevanICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Arshad KalliathState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Srikanta KanungoICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Nivethitha N KrishnanICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Jaya Singh KshatriICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Alok KumarICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Niraj KumarICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
V G Vinoth KumarICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
G G J Naga LakshmiState TB Office, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Ganesh MehtaICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Nandan Kumar MishraICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Anindya MitraState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.
K NagbhushanamICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Arlappa NimmathotaICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
A R NirmalaNational Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Ashok Kumar PandeyICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Ganta Venkata PrasadState TB Office, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Mariya Amin QurieshiGovernment Medical College Srinagar, Srinagar, Jammu, India.
Sirasanambatti Devarajulu ReddyICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Aby RobinsonICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Seema SahayICMR National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
Rochak SaxenaState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Krithikaa SekarICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Vijay Kumar ShuklaState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Hari Bhan SinghICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Prashant Kumar SinghICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Pushpendra SinghICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
Rajeev SinghICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Nivetha SrinivasanICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Dantuluri Sheethal VarmaState TB Office, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Ankit ViramgamiICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Vimith Cheruvathoor WilsonICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Surabhi YadavICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Suresh YadavICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Kamran ZamanICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Amit ChakrabartiICMR National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
Aparup DasICMR National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.
R S DhaliwalICMR National Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India.
Shanta DuttaICMR National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Rajni KantICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
A M KhanIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
Kanwar NarainICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, N.E. Region, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.
Somashekar NarasimhaiahNational Tuberculosis Institute, Bangalore and Lady Willingdon State TB Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
Chandrasekaran PadmapriyadarshiniICMR National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Krishna PandeyICMR Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.
Sanghamitra PatiICMR Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
Shripad PatilICMR National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Hemalatha RajkumarICMR National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Tekumalla RamaraoState TB Office, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Y K SharmaState TB Training and Demonstration Centre, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
Shalini SinghICMR National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, NOIDA, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Samiran PandaIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
D C S ReddyIndependent Consultant, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Balram BhargavaIndian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India.
ICMR Serosurveillance Group
National Institute of Epidemiology · INNational Institute of Research in Tuberculosis · INRegional Medical Research Centre · INRegional Medical Research Centre · INNational Institute of Nutrition · INNational Institute for Research in Tribal Health · INNational JALMA Institute for Leprosy & Other Mycobacterial Diseases · INTamil Nadu Board of Rural Development · INIndian Council of Medical Research · INNational Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases · INNational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases · INNational Institute of Occupational Health · INSoftware Training and Development Centre · INGovernment Medical College · INNational Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research · INNational Tuberculosis Institute · INRajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences · INNational AIDS Research Institute · INWorld Health Organization - India · IN
Funding
World Health Organization 001
Abstract
backgroundEarlier serosurveys in India revealed seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) of 0.73% in May-June 2020 and 7.1% in August-September 2020. A third serosurvey was conducted between December 2020 and January 2021 to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among the general population and healthcare workers (HCWs) in India.
methodsThe third serosurvey was conducted in the same 70 districts as the first and second serosurveys. For each district, at least 400 individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population and 100 HCWs from subdistrict-level health facilities were enrolled. Serum samples from the general population were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the nucleocapsid (N) and spike (S1-RBD) proteins of SARS-CoV-2, whereas serum samples from HCWs were tested for anti-S1-RBD. Weighted seroprevalence adjusted for assay characteristics was estimated.
resultsOf the 28,598 serum samples from the general population, 4585 (16%) had IgG antibodies against the N protein, 6647 (23.2%) had IgG antibodies against the S1-RBD protein, and 7436 (26%) had IgG antibodies against either the N protein or the S1-RBD protein. Weighted and assay-characteristic-adjusted seroprevalence against either of the antibodies was 24.1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 23.0-25.3%]. Among 7385 HCWs, the seroprevalence of anti-S1-RBD IgG antibodies was 25.6% (95% CI 23.5-27.8%).
conclusionsNearly one in four individuals aged ≥10 years from the general population as well as HCWs in India had been exposed to SARS-CoV-2 by December 2020.
Indexed as
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2Antibodies, ViralHealth PersonnelHumansSeroepidemiologic StudiesAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19IgGIndiaSARS-CoV-2Seroprevalence
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