ArticleEnvironmental research2021
A prospective study of maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) in the first trimester of pregnancy and second trimester heavy metal levels.
Article in Environmental research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 10 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between female circulating heavy metal concentration and abortion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Pooled it
- Serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D and dietary calcium intake interact in relation to blood cadmium in pregnant women: evidence from the NHANES survey.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Interplay Between Vitamin D Levels and Heavy Metals Exposure in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Systematic Review.Pathophysiology : the official journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology · 2024Review
- Vitamin D and Toxic Metals in Pregnancy - a Biological Perspective.Current epidemiology reports · 2024Review
- Methods in Public Health Environmental Justice Research: a Scoping Review from 2018 to 2021.Current environmental health reports · 2023Article
- Epidemiologic Advances Generated by the Human Health Exposure Analysis Resource Program.Current epidemiology reports · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVitamin D facilitates the absorption of calcium but may also increase absorption of other metals; the literature is conflicting.
objectiveTo examine whether 25OHD in the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with subsequent metals levels in the late second trimester of pregnancy.
methodsWe used data from a sample of women in the LIFECODES pregnancy cohort (N = 381). 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured with a chemiluminescence immunoassay in plasma samples drawn at 10 weeks of gestation. A panel of 17 metals and elements was measured in urine collected at 26 weeks of gestation. We used linear or logistic regression to estimate associations between 25OHD (dichotomous, linear, and in tertiles) and either urinary metal concentrations or the proportion of samples below the limit of detection, respectively. Multivariable models included urinary specific gravity, age, race/ethnicity, education, body mass index, insurance type, gestational age, and season.
resultsAfter multivariable adjustment, low 25OHD was associated with a 47% increase in lead level, a 60% increase in tin level, and 1.58 times the odds of detectable tungsten. A 10 ng/ml increase in 25OHD was associated with a 12% decrease in tin and an 8% increase in molybdenum. While we had a small sample size, we found some evidence of effect modification by race. Women who reported their race as Black or were classified in the other race category, who also had low 25OHD, had 40% higher thallium than women with higher 25OHD and were more likely to have detectable beryllium and tungsten. These metals were not associated with low 25OHD in women who reported their race as White. Tin and lead were higher in women with low 25OHD in all race groups. DISCUSSION: In total, further research is warranted to determine if vitamin D levels alter metal levels, and to elucidate the shape of the association for each metal across a range of corresponding 25OHD levels, and longitudinally, across pregnancy. This is especially true for pregnant people as exposure to metals during pregnancy has health consequences for the fetus.
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