ReviewCell host & microbe2021
Innate immune and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2: Implications for COVID-19.
Review in Cell host & microbe, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 199 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
199 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 313 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccination in older adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Surface proteome of plasma extracellular vesicles differentiates between SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection.Virulence · 2026Article
- In Silico and Molecular Docking Analysis of Benzyl Isothiocyanate fromCurrent issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Induced Alterations in ADAR Editing Patterns Differ Between Patients Who Developed Critical Compared to Non-Critical COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- In Silico Modeling of Structural Compatibility and Alignment Between Viral Class I Fusion Cores and Human TLR4/MD-2.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- 12-Lipoxygenase (12-LOX) plays a key role in the hyperinflammatory response caused by SARS-CoV-2.mBio · 2026Article
- Leveraging ADMET Profiling, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Docking to Evaluate the Repurposing of Product Nkabinde for COVID-19 Treatment.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus nucleocapsid protein targets RIG-I and IRF3 to evade IFN immunity.Journal of virology · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 3 remodels the phosphorylation of target proteins via protein-protein interactions.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Multi-Strain Probiotic Intervention Modestly Modulates Microbial Composition and Inflammatory Profile in Individuals with Long COVID.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Review
- Distinct commensal bacteria in human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue associated with localized immunological memory.iScience · 2026Article
- Early Fc-effector antibody signatures impact COVID-19 disease trajectory.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic Analysis of the Antiviral Responses in Ovine Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells During Early Stage of Bluetongue Virus Infection.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular sequelae of Long COVID: immune dysregulation inflammation as central drivers.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- MEK1/2 inhibitor ATR-002 reshapes host transcriptome and modulates immune regulatory genes in SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- N6-methyladenosine as a potential epitranscriptomic immune rheostat during SARS-CoV-2 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Machine learning-based prediction of intensive care unit admission in COVID-19 patients presenting with mild respiratory failure.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Biological Plausibility Between Long-COVID and Periodontal Disease Development or Progression.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B during interferon antiviral therapy.Biosafety and health · 2025Article
139 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
COVID-19 can result in severe disease characterized by significant immunopathology that is spurred by an exuberant, yet dysregulated, innate immune response with a poor adaptive response. A limited and delayed interferon I (IFN-I) and IFN-III response results in exacerbated proinflammatory cytokine production and in extensive cellular infiltrates in the respiratory tract, resulting in lung pathology. The development of effective therapeutics for patients with severe COVID-19 depends on our understanding of the pathological elements of this unbalanced innate immune response. Here, we review the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 both activates and antagonizes the IFN and inflammatory response following infection, how a dysregulated cytokine and cellular response contributes to immune-mediated pathology in COVID-19, and therapeutic strategies that target elements of the innate response.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.