Implicit and Explicit Attitudes of Employers Toward Hiring People Who Have Experienced Depression.

Purpose Depression is the most common mental disorder worldwide, yet many individuals with this disorder still face labor market marginalization. To our knowledge, this study is the first to explore both implicit and explicit attitudes of human resources directors/employers regarding potential employees who have experienced depression. Methods 219 human resources directors/employers answered a semi-structured interview, as well as self-report questionnaires, assessing their implicit and explicit attitudes on hiring people who have experienced depression. Explicit attitudes were assessed with self-report measures (questionnaire), whereas implicit attitudes were measured by qualitatively rating automatic mental associations (free associations). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted on implicit and explicit attitudes. Results For implicit attitudes, both stereotypes and normalization attitudes were mentioned by employers. In order to ensure the validity of the explicit attitudes measure, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted, and revealed that employers and HR's attitudes were, as expected, described by the 12 items spread out on three conceptual dimensions-Stereotypes, Organizational Burden, and Normalization, with satisfactory alpha coefficients for all subscales. ANOVA results showed that implicit and explicit attitudes of employers were not related. Finally, ANOVA results on employers' implicit attitudes showed that hiring apprehensions regarding depression were higher for employers depicting more stereotypes, whereas regression analysis on explicit attitudes showed that Organizational Burden and Normalization were only the significant predictors of employers' hiring apprehensions. Conclusion The results were consistent with previous findings from the general population underlying the ambivalence of attitudes associated with depression. Indeed, stereotypes, organizational burden, and normalization attitudes appear as distinct and complementary facets of depression stigma at work. We suggest anti-stigma training targeting employers' hiring apprehensions and encompassing both explicit and implicit attitudes regarding depression.