SynthesisJournal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews2021
Reporting and Analyzing Race and Ethnicity in Orthopaedic Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Racial and Ethnic Minorities Underrepresented in Pain Management Guidelines for Total Joint Arthroplasty: A Meta-analysis.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2024Pooled it
- Recruitment, retention and reporting of variables related to ethnic diversity in randomised controlled trials: an umbrella review.BMJ open · 2024Pooled it
- Is Our Science Representative? A Systematic Review of Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Orthopaedic Clinical Trials from 2000 to 2020.Clinical orthopaedics and related research · 2022Pooled it
- Race, ethnicity, and language are underreported in hip fracture CPGs.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2026Review
- Racial and Ethnic Representation Reporting in Orthopaedic Research.Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Global research & reviews · 2026Article
- Examining the underreporting of social determinants of health in randomized controlled trials published in spine journals.Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery · 2026Article
- Musculoskeletal Magazine Advertising Focuses on White Individuals and Overlooks Minority Consumers.Journal of market access & health policy · 2025Article
- Exploring the Impact of Race, Language, Socioeconomics, and Medical Management on Osteoporosis Workup and Treatment After Proximal Femur Fractures.Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation · 2025Article
- Randomized Controlled Trials for Platelet-Rich Plasma Use in Knee Osteoarthritis Rarely Report Key Sociodemographic Patient Variables: A Scoping Review.Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation · 2024Article
- Trends and predictors of reporting social determinants of health in shoulder surgery.JSES international · 2024Article
- Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies of Meniscus Root Tears: A Scoping Review.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Rates of Reporting and Analyzing Race and Ethnicity in Athlete-Specific Sports Medicine Research: A Systematic Review.Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024Review
- Are Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries Validated for Spanish Language and Culture?Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine · 2024Article
- Demographic and Socioeconomic Patient Data Are Rarely Included in Randomized Controlled Trials for Femoral Acetabular Impingement and Hip Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review.Arthroscopy, sports medicine, and rehabilitation · 2024Review
- Socioeconomic Status and Race Are Rarely Reported in Randomized Controlled Trials for Achilles Tendon Pathology in the Top 10 Orthopaedic Journals: A Systematic Review.Foot & ankle orthopaedics · 2024Review
- Uneven global and racial representation in major orthopaedic clinical trials: Trends over a decade.Journal of clinical orthopaedics and trauma · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe distinction between race and ethnicity should be carefully understood and described for demographic data collection. Racial healthcare differences have been observed across many orthopaedic subspecialties. However, the frequency of reporting and analyzing race and ethnicity in orthopaedic clinical trials has not been determined. Therefore, the primary purpose of this systematic review was to determine how frequently race and ethnicity are reported and analyzed in orthopaedic clinical trials.
methodsThe top 10 journals by impact factor in the field of orthopaedics were manually screened from 2015 to 2019. All randomized controlled trials related to orthopaedics and assessing clinical outcomes were included. Eligible studies were evaluated for bias using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool and for whether the trial reported and analyzed several demographics, including age, sex, height, weight, race, and ethnicity. The frequency of reporting and analyzing by each demographic was accessed. In addition, comparisons of reporting and analyzing race/ethnicity were made based on orthopaedic subspecialty and journal of publication.
resultsA total of 15,488 publications were screened and 482 met inclusion criteria. Of these 482 trials, 460 (95.4%) reported age and 456 (94.6%) reported sex, whereas 35 (7.3%) reported race and 15 (3.1%) reported ethnicity for the randomized groups; 79 studies (16.4%) analyzed age and 72 studies (14.9%) analyzed sex, whereas 6 studies (1.2%) analyzed race and 1 study (0.2%) analyzed ethnicity. The orthopaedic subspecialty of spine was found to report race (23.5%) and ethnicity (17.6%) more frequently than all the other subspecialties, whereas sports medicine reported race and/or ethnicity in only 3 of 150 trials (2.0%).
conclusionsRace and ethnicity are not frequently reported or analyzed in orthopaedic randomized controlled trials. Social context, personal challenges, and economic challenges should be considered while analyzing the effect of race and ethnicity on outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.