ArticleInternational ophthalmology2021
Smoking effect on peripapillary and macular microvascular structure in inactive Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Article in International ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evaluation of parafoveal region and foveal avascular zone in inactive Grave's ophthalmopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography: a meta-analysis.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Pooled it
- Optical coherence tomography angiography in thyroid associated ophthalmopathy: a systematic review.BMC ophthalmology · 2024Pooled it
- The hidden impact of smoking in thyroid eye disease: a link between selenium deficiency, autoimmunity, and retinal microvasculature.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Effects of endoscopic transnasal orbital decompression on anterior segment ocular blood flow and clinical outcome in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: a retrospective study.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Optic nerve head optical coherence tomography angiography findings in patients with thyroid eye disease: a case-control study.Thyroid research · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe aim of this study was to evaluate the smoking effect on peripapillary and macular microvascular structure in patients with inactive Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and to compare these structures with those of healthy control subjects.
methodsA total of 34 healthy participants (control group), 22 inactive GO patients with smoking (smoker group) and 19 inactive GO patients with non-smoking (non-smoker group) were recruited in this prospective study. After detailed ophthalmological examination, vessel densities (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), retinal peripapillary capillary (RPC) and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, and acircularity index (AI) of the FAZ were analysed with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) for each eye.
resultsVessel density in the total peripapillary; superior and inferior sectors of RPC were significantly lower in inactive GO patients with smoking (p < 0.05 for all sectors) compared to control group. Besides, the FAZ AI was significantly higher in smoker and non-smoker inactive GO groups compared to healthy subjects (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001, respectively). No significant difference was found in the FAZ area, and all SCP, DCP macular measurements between groups (p > 0.05 for all).
conclusionOCTA findings of lower peripapillary VD in the smoker group show smoking effect on the optic disc head microvasculature in inactive GO patients. These results could reflect early subclinical optic disc vasculature damage in smoker inactive GO subjects.
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Registered trials
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