ReviewNeuroradiology2021
Perivascular spaces and brain waste clearance systems: relevance for neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathology.
Review in Neuroradiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 93 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
93 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 144 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of Ergothioneine in cognition and age-related neurodegenerative disease: a systematic review.Inflammopharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Novel Therapeutic Insights Into Alzheimer's Disease: Glymphatic System and Meningeal Lymphatic Vessels.Aging cell · 2026Review
- Impaired Glymphatic Function and Post-stroke Cognitive Decline after Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Serial Neuroimaging Study.Translational stroke research · 2026Article
- Associations of Cognitive Impairment with Putative Glymphatic-Related Imaging Indices and Cortical Atrophy in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- New Directions in Migraine Pathophysiology: The Glymphatic System and PACAP.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Glymphatic Dysfunction and Related Brain Structure Changes in Major Depressive Disorder: Effects of Glymphatic Function in Mediating Neuroinflammation.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Prediction of postoperative delirium in the elderly using imaging markers of cerebral small vessel disease.BMC anesthesiology · 2026Article
- Quantitative and Qualitative MRI Assessment of Perivascular Spaces in Parkinson's Disease Patients.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Association of glymphatic dysfunction, free water, white matter integrity and long-term memory performance in aging autistic adults.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- From origins to nomenclature: illuminating the landscape of CNS fibroblasts and fibroblast-like cells.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2026Review
- The olfactory-glymphatic syndrome: linking smell dysfunction, cognitive impairment and sleep disturbances in neuropathological disorders.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Review
- Ventricular enlargement is associated with early Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology.Brain communications · 2026Article
- "Mind the Gap"-enlarged perivascular spaces as a potential magnetic resonance imaging biomarker of impaired glymphatic clearance in brain disorders.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
- Barrier-Immune Gating Failure in Gut-Brain Neuroinflammation: A Working Hypothesis and Conceptual Framework.Behavioural neurology · 2026Review
- Spatial coupling of enlarged perivascular spaces and white matter lesions across the Alzheimer's disease continuum.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Do enlarged white matter perivascular spaces reflect brain clearance dysfunction? Insights from intrathecal contrast-enhanced MRI.Neuroradiology · 2026Article
- Gait performance in cerebral small vessel disease: associations with cognitive and oculomotor function and exploratory mediation analyses.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Higher basal ganglia perivascular space burden is associated with reduced deep medullary vein visibility via free water accumulation in sporadic cerebral small vessel disease.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Clearance mechanisms of the glymphatic/lymphatic system in the brain: new therapeutic perspectives for cognitive impairment.Cognitive neurodynamics · 2025Review
- Noradrenergic Slow Vasomotion: The Hidden Fluid Pump Linking Sleep, Brain Clearance, and Dementia Pathogenesis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
33 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Perivascular spaces (PVS) of the brain, often called Virchow-Robin spaces, comprise fluid, cells and connective tissue, and are externally limited by astrocytic endfeet. PVS are involved in clearing brain waste and belong to the "glymphatic" system and/or the "intramural periarterial drainage" pathway through the basement membranes of the arteries. Related brain waste clearance systems include the blood-brain barrier, scavenger cells, cerebrospinal fluid, perineural lymphatic drainage pathways and the newly characterised meningeal lymphatic vessels. Any functional abnormality of PVS or related clearance systems might lead to accumulation of brain waste. It has been postulated that PVS enlargement can be secondary to accumulation of β-amyloid. Lack of integrity of the vascular wall, microbleeds, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and enlarged PVS often occur in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease, preceding substantial brain atrophy. PVS enlargement in the form of état criblé at the basal ganglia has also been considered to reflect focal atrophy, most probably secondary to ischaemic injury, based upon both pathological and imaging arguments. In addition, distinct topographic patterns of enlarged PVS are related to different types of microangiopathy: CAA is linked to enlarged juxtacortical PVS, whereas subjects with vascular risk factors tend to have enlarged PVS in the basal ganglia. Therefore, enlarged PVS are progressively being regarded as a marker of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathology. The present review addresses the evolving concept of PVS and brain waste clearance systems, the potential relevance of their dysfunction to neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular pathology, and potential therapeutic approaches of interest.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.