Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34018654›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2021

The Longitudinal Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease Study (LEADS): Framework and methodology.

Liana G Apostolova, Paul Aisen, Ani Eloyan, Anne Fagan, Keith N Fargo, Tatiana Foroud, Constantine Gatsonis, Lea T Grinberg, Clifford R Jack, Joel Kramer and 25 more

Open access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 72 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
72citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
7.0field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

72 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 80 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Relationships of CSF biomarkers to cortical atrophy in early-onset Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Cognitive dispersion profiles and prediction of cognitive change in early-onset dementias: Results from LEADS.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Distinct Tau PET Dynamics in Early vs. Late Age-of-Onset Alzheimer's disease.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026
    Article
  12. Characterizing amyloid and tau positron emission tomography-based stages across the clinical continuum.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Alzheimer's disease polygenic risk in early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Exploring Centiloid Robustness: Impact of Sample Size and Image Resolution on Centiloid Conversion Accuracy.Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine · 2025
    Article
  17. Tablet-based Cognitive Assessment Tool (TabCAT) in a multisite study of early-onset Alzheimer's disease.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
  18. Article
  19. Calibration of multisite raters for prospective visual reads of amyloid PET scans.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article
  20. Everyday functioning in young onset dementia: differences between diagnostic groups.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025
    Article

12 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

35 authors at 20 institutions in 1 country.

Liana G ApostolovaDepartment of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Paul AisenAlzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, University of Southern California, San Diego, California, USA.
Ani EloyanDepartment of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Anne FaganDepartment of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Keith N FargoCharcot-Marie Tooth Research Foundation, Naperville, Illinois, USA.
Tatiana ForoudDepartment of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Constantine GatsonisDepartment of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
Lea T GrinbergDepartment of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Clifford R JackDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Joel KramerDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Robert KoeppeDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Walter A KukullDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Melissa E MurrayDepartment of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Kelly NudelmanDepartment of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Malia RumbaughDepartment of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Arthur TogaLaboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Prashanthi VemuriDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Amy TrullingerIndiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Leonardo IaccarinoDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
Gregory S DayDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Neill R Graff-RadfordDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.
Lawrence S HonigTaub Institute and Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
David T JonesDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Joseph MasdeuNantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist and Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
Mario MendezDepartment of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Erik MusiekDepartment of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Chiadi U OnyikeDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Emily RogalskiDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Steve SallowayDepartment of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
David A WolkDepartment of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
Thomas S WingoDepartment of Neurology and Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Maria C CarrilloMedical & Scientific Relations Division, Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
Bradford C DickersonDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Gil D RabinoviciDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
LEADS ConsortiumDepartment of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
University of California, San Francisco · USBrown University · USIndiana University School of MedicineJacksonville College · USMayo Clinic · USIndiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis · USWashington University in St. Louis · USAlzheimer's Association · USCharcot-Marie-Tooth Association · USColumbia University Irving Medical Center · USEmory University · USJohns Hopkins University · USKeck Hospital of USC · USMassachusetts General Hospital · USMethodist Hospital · USNorthwestern University · USUniversity of California, Los Angeles · USUniversity of Michigan–Ann Arbor · USUniversity of Pennsylvania · USUniversity of Southern California · US

Funding

National Centralized Repository for Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (NCRAD)U24AG021886 · NIA · INDIANA UNIV-PURDUE UNIV AT INDIANAPOLIS · PI TATIANA M. FOROUD · 2002 to 2026
$119.8M
NATIONAL ALZHEIMERS COORDINATING CENTER (NACC)U01AG016976 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI KUKULL, WALTER ANTHONY · 1999 to 2020
$72.8M
Early Onset AD Consortium - the LEAD Study (LEADS)U01AG057195 · NIA · INDIANA UNIVERSITY INDIANAPOLIS · PI APOSTOLOVA, LIANA G, CARRILLO, MARIA C · 2018 to 2023
$70.3M
Northwestern University Clinical and Translational Science Institute (NUCATS)UL1TR001422 · NCATS · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI D'AQUILA, RICHARD · 2015 to 2023
$56.8M
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY ALZHEIMERS DISEASE RESEARCH CENTERP50AG005681 · NIA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI MORRIS, JOHN · 1985 to 2019
$52.1M
Satellite Diagnostic and Treatment Clinic CoreP50AG008702 · NIA · COLUMBIA UNIV NEW YORK MORNINGSIDE · PI DE JAGER, PHILIP L · 1989 to 2019
$46.3M
National Alzheimer's Coordinating CenterU24AG072122 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI STEPHENS, KARI A · 2021 to 2025
$45.8M
'T V ASSESSMENT - MEMORY DISORDERED PATIENTS'P50AG005146 · NIA · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI HUGANIR, RICHARD L · 1985 to 2019
$37.6M
Research Education ComponentP30AG010133 · NIA · INDIANA UNIV-PURDUE UNIV AT INDIANAPOLIS · PI SAYKIN, ANDREW J · 1991 to 2020
$37.3M
Research Education ComponentP30AG062422 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Serggio Carlo Lanata · 2019 to 2026
$36.9M
THE PGRN/TDP-43 AXIS IN ALZHEIMER?S DISEASE AND NEURODEGENERATIONP50AG016574 · NIA · MAYO CLINIC ROCHESTER · PI BU, GUOJUN · 1999 to 2018
$36.9M
Research Education ComponentP30AG062421 · NIA · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI Christine S Ritchie · 2019 to 2026
$36.5M
NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR001422NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010124NIA NIH HHS P30 AG010133NIA NIH HHS P30 AG013854NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062421NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062422NIA NIH HHS P30 AG062677NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066462NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066507NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066511NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066530NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072977NIA NIH HHS P30 AG072979NIA NIH HHS P50 AG005146NIA NIH HHS P50 AG005681NIA NIH HHS P50 AG008702NIA NIH HHS P50 AG016574NIA NIH HHS P50 AG023501NIA NIH HHS P50 AG025688NIA NIH HHS R56 AG057195NIA NIH HHS U01 AG016976NIA NIH HHS U01 AG057195NIA NIH HHS U24 AG021886NIA NIH HHS U24 AG072122NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB015922
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) are commonly excluded from large-scale observational and therapeutic studies due to their young age, atypical presentation, or absence of pathogenic mutations. The goals of the Longitudinal EOAD Study (LEADS) are to (1) define the clinical, imaging, and fluid biomarker characteristics of EOAD; (2) develop sensitive cognitive and biomarker measures for future clinical and research use; and (3) establish a trial-ready network. LEADS will follow 400 amyloid beta (Aβ)-positive EOAD, 200 Aβ-negative EOnonAD that meet National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) criteria for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD dementia, and 100 age-matched controls. Participants will undergo clinical and cognitive assessments, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseBiomarkersBrainEarly DiagnosisAniline CompoundsAutopsyCognitive DysfunctionFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNational Institute on Aging (U.S.)Positron-Emission TomographyStilbenes4-(N-methylamino)-4'-(2-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)stilbeneAniline CompoundsBiomarkersStilbenesAlzheimer's diseaseearly-onsetEOADLEADSYOADyoung onset

Identifiers

PMID34018654
PMCPMC8939858
OpenAlexW3163868982

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.