ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2022
Inconsistent Reporting of Discrimination Over Time Using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale: Potential Underestimation of Lifetime Burden.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Perceived Discrimination and Cognitive Function Among Older Adults: An Analysis of the Health and Retirement Study.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Psychometric Validation and Health Correlates of the Discrimination Reactivity Questionnaire.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Experiencing unfair treatment is associated with incident cardiovascular disease among older Black adults.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Experiences of discrimination, paternal support, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) in the MIEHR study, Houston, Texas.International journal for equity in health · 2026Article
- Social Defeat and Psychosis in the United States: A Replication and Critical Reconceptualization.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Discrimination and vigilance as psychosocial pathways from food insecurity to cognitive difficulty among U.S. adults: a moderated mediation analysis.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Detecting Perceived Unfair Treatment Among US College Students Using Mobile Sensing: Pilot Machine Learning Study.JMIR formative research · 2025Article
- Everyday discrimination and subclinical indicators of stroke in midlife women.Journal of behavioral medicine · 2025Article
- How community connection, homophobia, and racism shape gene expression in sexual minority men with and without HIV.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2025Article
- Perceived discrimination and cardiovascular risk factors in mid-life women: results from Project Viva, a longitudinal cohort in the USA.BMJ public health · 2025Article
- Discrimination and bladder health among women in the CARDIA cohort study: Life course and intersectionality perspectives.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Racial and Ethnic Discrimination and Hypertension by Educational Attainment Among a Cohort of US Women.JAMA network open · 2023Article
- Incident racial discrimination predicts elevated C-Reactive protein in the Black Women's experiences Living with Lupus (BeWELL) study.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2023Article
- Invited Commentary: The Need for Repeated Measures and Other Methodological Considerations When Investigating Discrimination as a Contributor to Health.American journal of epidemiology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Studies documenting self-reported experiences of discrimination over the life course have been limited. Such information could be important for informing longitudinal epidemiologic studies of discrimination and health. We characterized trends in self-reports of racial, socioeconomic status, and gender discrimination over time measured using the Experiences of Discrimination Scale, with a focus on whether individuals' reports of lifetime discrimination were consistent over time. Overall experiences of discrimination and the number of settings in which discrimination was reported in 1992, 2000, and 2010 were examined among 2,774 African-American and White adults in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Reports of "ever" experiencing discrimination decreased for all forms of discrimination across the 3 study visits. Approximately one-third (30%-41%) of the sample inconsistently reported ever experiencing any discrimination over time, which contributed to the observed decreases. Depending on the form of discrimination, inconsistent reporting patterns over time were more common among African-American, younger, less educated, and lower-income individuals and women-groups who are often most exposed to and severely impacted by the health effects of discrimination. Our findings highlight the possible underestimation of the lifetime burden of discrimination when utilizing the Experiences of Discrimination Scale to capture self-reports of discrimination over time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.