ArticleNature communications2021
Epidermal chloroplasts are defense-related motile organelles equipped with plant immune components.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 56 citations in OpenAlex.
- FpLaeA Coordinates Fusarium proliferatum Pathogenesis by Orchestrating Mycotoxin Biosynthesis and Host Immune Subversion.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2026Article
- Vestigial Plastids in Parasitic Plants: Evolutionary Remnants or Adaptive Innovations?Plant, cell & environment · 2026Review
- Breaking dependence on melanisation imparts diversity to a dogmatic invasion strategy of phytopathogenic fungi.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals FLS2-Dependent Hypoxia Signaling and ERF13-Mediated Transcription During flg22-Triggered Immunity.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics reveals cellular and genetic mechanisms of alpine adaptation inFrontiers in plant science · 2026Article
- Plant plastids: from evolutionary origins to functional specialization and organelle interactions.Journal of experimental botany · 2025Review
- Membrane contact sites between chloroplasts and the pathogen interface underpin plant focal immune responses.The Plant cell · 2025Article
- A model for the adaptation of Euryale ferox leaves to aquatic environments through EfCGT1-controlled flavonoid C-glycoside-specific accumulation in epidermis cells.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
- Overexpression of a ricePlant biotechnology (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- A KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX PROTEIN1-interacting transcription factor SlGATA6 maintains the auxin-response gradient to inhibit abscission.Science advances · 2025Article
- The photosensitive endoplasmic reticulum-chloroplast contact site.Journal of microscopy · 2025Article
- Hepatitis B virus confers innate immunity evasion through hepatitis B virus-miR-3 down-regulation of cGAS-Sting-IFN signaling.World journal of hepatology · 2025Article
- Physiological and molecular profiling unveils oat (Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- CHUP1 restricts chloroplast movement and effector-triggered immunity in epidermal cells.The New phytologist · 2024Article
- Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2024Article
- Visualizing the dynamics of plant energy organelles.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Article
- The Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper Subfamily I Contributes to Leaf Age- and Time-Dependent Resistance to Pathogens inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Calponin homology domain containing kinesin, KIS1, regulates chloroplast stromule formation and immunity.Science advances · 2023Article
- New methods for sorghum transformation in temperate climates.AoB PLANTS · 2023Review
- Genetic approaches to dissect plant nonhost resistance mechanisms.Molecular plant pathology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In addition to conspicuous large mesophyll chloroplasts, where most photosynthesis occurs, small epidermal chloroplasts have also been observed in plant leaves. However, the functional significance of this small organelle remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that Arabidopsis epidermal chloroplasts control the entry of fungal pathogens. In entry trials, specialized fungal cells called appressoria triggered dynamic movement of epidermal chloroplasts. This movement is controlled by common regulators of mesophyll chloroplast photorelocation movement, designated as the epidermal chloroplast response (ECR). The ECR occurs when the PEN2 myrosinase-related higher-layer antifungal system becomes ineffective, and blockage of the distinct steps of the ECR commonly decreases preinvasive nonhost resistance against fungi. Furthermore, immune components were preferentially localized to epidermal chloroplasts, contributing to antifungal nonhost resistance in the pen2 background. Our findings reveal that atypical small chloroplasts act as defense-related motile organelles by specifically positioning immune components in the plant epidermis, which is the first site of contact between the plant and pathogens. Thus, this work deepens our understanding of the functions of epidermal chloroplasts.
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