ReviewTransplant immunology2021
Aspects of histocompatibility testing in xenotransplantation.
Review in Transplant immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multiple genetic engineering of porcine red blood cells improves compatibility with human blood.iScience · 2026Article
- Present Advances and Emerging Challenges in Kidney Xenotransplantation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Porcine xenotransplantation in the clinical era: converging advances and unresolved barriers on the path to clinical translation - a narrative review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Xeno kidney: revolutionizing kidney disease treatment.Frontiers in nephrology · 2026Review
- Strategies of Bladder Reconstruction after Partial or Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer.Molecular biotechnology · 2025Review
- Epitope-level analysis of cross-reactive human HLA antibodies against genetically modified swine leukocyte antigens in xenotransplantation.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Genetic engineering drives the breakthrough of pig models in liver disease research.Liver research (Beijing, China) · 2024Review
- [Xenotransplantation of solid organs].Chirurgie (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- Current Status of Cardiac Xenotransplantation: Report of a Workshop of the German Heart Transplant Centers, Martinsried, March 3, 2023.The Thoracic and cardiovascular surgeon · 2024Article
- Advancing precision in histocompatibility and immunogenetics: a comprehensive review of the UCLA exchange program.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Article
- Xenorecognition and costimulation of porcine endothelium-derived extracellular vesicles in initiating human porcine-specific T cell immune responses.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2023Article
- Kidney Xenotransplantation: Are We Ready for Prime Time?Current urology reports · 2023Review
- ABO blood group antigens and differential glycan expression: Perspective on the evolution of common human enzyme deficiencies.iScience · 2023Review
- The respective relevance of sensitization to alloantigens and xenoantigens in pig organ xenotransplantation.Human immunology · 2023Review
- Current status of xenotransplantation research and the strategies for preventing xenograft rejection.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Xenotransplantation, using genetically-modified pigs for clinical organ transplantation, is a solution to the organ shortage. The biggest barrier to clinical implementation is the antigenicity of pig cells. Humans possess preformed antibody to pig cells that initiate antibody-mediated rejection of pig organs in primates. Advances in genetic engineering have led to the development of a pig lacking the three known glycan xenoantigens (triple-knockout [TKO] pigs). A significant number of human sera demonstrate no antibody binding to TKO pig cells. As a result of the TKO pig's low antigen expression, survival of life-supporting pig organs in immunosuppressed nonhuman primates has significantly increased, and hope has been renewed for clinical trials of xenotransplantation. It is important to understand the context in which xenotransplantation's predecessor, allotransplantation, has been successful, and the steps needed for the success of xenotransplantation. Successful allotransplantation has been based on two main immunological approaches - (i) adequate immunosuppressive therapy, and (ii) careful histocompatibility matching. In vivo studies suggest that the available immunosuppressive regimens are adequate to suppress the human anti-pig cellular response. Methods to evaluate and screen patients for the first clinical xenotransplantation trial are the next challenge. The goal of this review is to summarize the history of histocompatibility testing, and the available tools that can be utilized to determine xenograft histocompatibility.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.