ReviewVirus research2021
The COVID-19 vaccine development: A pandemic paradigm.
Review in Virus research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review on vaccine developmental approaches: Evaluating efficacy, and addressing challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era.Virus research · 2026Pooled it
- How well do different COVID-19 vaccines protect against different viral variants? A systematic review and meta-analysis.Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · 2025Pooled it
- Humoral response after a fourth dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in immunocompromised patients. Results of a systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2023Pooled it
- Impact of vaccine platform and BCG vaccination on antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Trial
- Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronaviruses.International journal of biological sciences · 2025Review
- Comparative assessment of a COVID-19 vaccine after technology transfer to Iran from critical quality attributes to clinical and immunogenicity aspects.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Uptake of COVID-19 vaccine among high-risk urban populations in Southern Thailand using the COM-B model.PloS one · 2024Article
- Choosing a COVID-19 vaccination site might be driven by anxiety and body vigilance.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2024Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance and Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers in Lusaka, Zambia; Findings and Implications for the Future.Vaccines · 2023Article
- An assessment of the strategy and status of COVID-19 vaccination in India.Immunologic research · 2023Review
- Inequality in COVID-19 vaccination in Africa.Journal of public health in Africa · 2023Article
- A deep learning predictive model for public health concerns and hesitancy toward the COVID-19 vaccines.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Vaccine Innovation Meta-Model for Pandemic Contexts.Journal of pharmaceutical innovation · 2023Article
- Long-Term Vaccination and Treatment Strategies for COVID-19 Disease and Future Coronavirus Pandemics.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2023Review
- Article
- Ruxolitinib does not impair humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in patients with myelofibrosis.Annals of hematology · 2022Article
- Latin American Scientific Production on COVID-19 Vaccines.Ethiopian journal of health sciences · 2022Article
- Cutaneous findings following COVID-19 vaccination: review of world literature and own experience.Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV · 2022Review
- Knowledge and practices toward COVID-19 among healthcare students: A cross-sectional study at the University of Zambia.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- New-onset and relapsing glomerular diseases related to COVID-19 vaccination.Zhejiang da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths and a social-economic crisis. A worldwide effort was made to develop efficient vaccines for this disease. A vaccine should produce immune responses with specific and neutralizing antibodies, and without harmful effects such as the antibody-dependent enhancement that may be associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Vaccine design involves the selection of platforms that includes viral, viral-vector, protein, nucleic acid, or trained immunity-based strategies. Its development initiates at a pre-clinical stage, followed by clinical trials when successful. Only if clinical trials show no significant evidence of safety concerns, vaccines can be manufactured, stored, and distributed to immunize the population. So far, regulatory authorities from many countries have approved nine vaccines with phase 3 results. In the current pandemic, a paradigm for the COVID-19 vaccine development has arisen, as many challenges must be overcome. Mass-production and cold-chain storage to immunize large human populations should be feasible and fast, and a combination of different vaccines may boost logistics and immunization. In silico trials is an emerging and innovative field that can be applied to predict and simulate immune, molecular, clinical, and epidemiological outcomes of vaccines to refine, reduce, and partially replace steps in vaccine development. Vaccine-resistant variants of SARS-CoV-2 might emerge, leading to the necessity of updates. A globally fair vaccine distribution system must prevail over vaccine nationalism for the world to return to its pre-pandemic status.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.