ReviewJapanese journal of ophthalmology2021
Sagging eye syndrome.
Review in Japanese journal of ophthalmology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical efficacy, safety, and success factors of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Convergence Insufficiency After Bilateral Medial Rectus Recession for Age-Related Distance Esotropia?American journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Cyclotorsion as a structural and functional biomarker of ocular and neuroophthalmic diseases.Acta biochimica Polonica · 2026Review
- Prevalence and prognosis of sagging eye syndrome in Japanese population.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Efficacy of the double-dose medial rectus muscle recession technique for sagging eye syndrome with esotropia of 10-prism diopters or less at distance.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Observational
- Common Forms of Adult Esotropia Require Augmented Surgical Dosing.American journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- The difference in clinical features of acute acquired concomitant esotropia between adolescents and adults: a prospective observational cohort study.Scientific reports · 2025Observational
- Acute-onset sagging eye syndrome.Journal of general and family medicine · 2025Article
- 2021 trends in the treatment of patients with strabismus in Japan.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Relationships among eye dimensions in magnetic resonance images by sex, age, and strabismus type in Japanese patients with acquired strabismus and high myopia.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Biomechanics Explains Variability of Response of Small Hypertropia to Graded Vertical Rectus Tenotomy.American journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Comparison of subjective cyclofusion ranges and objective ocular torsion in normal participants according to age.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2022Article
- Thyroid Eye Disease With Divergence Insufficiency Causing Recurrent Falls in an Elderly Patient.Cureus · 2022Article
- Acute acquired comitant esotropia: Current understanding of its etiological classification and treatment strategies.Taiwan journal of ophthalmologyReview
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The pulley is the functional origin of the extraocular muscles and prevents their dislocation from the muscle cone. The pulley degenerates with age and may progress to cause the sagging eye syndrome (SES). Divergence paralysis, a type of distance esotropia, occurs when the lateral rectus muscle pulley and lateral rectus-superior rectus (LR-SR) band show degenerated symmetry OU. Cyclovertical strabismus of a small angle occurs when the lateral rectus muscle pulley and LR-SR band show degenerated asymmetry OU. Patients with SES have distinctive features, such as baggy eyelids, deep superior sulcus deformity, and aponeurotic ptosis. SES is the leading cause of non-paralytic diplopia, and its rate increases with age, with 60% of the patients being women. One-third of the cases of SES are distance esotropia of 9Δ on average, and two-third of the cases are small-angle hypertropia of 4Δ on average. Diplopia is cured with surgery, and each case needs to be differentiated from the heavy eye syndrome for diagnosis and treatment.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.