SynthesisCanadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie2021
Perception of auditory stimuli during general anesthesia and its effects on patient outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
) The Effect of Intraoperative Binaural Beats on the Quantity of Inhaled Anesthetic Gas Required for the Maintenance of General Anesthesia: a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial
Health Professionals' Perceptions of the Subconscious Effects of Intraoperative Conversations in Patients: A Questionnaire-Based Study
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comparison of Intraoperative Noise Isolation and White Noise on Postoperative Sleep in Patients Undergoing Flexible Ureteroscopic Holmium: YAG Laser Lithotripsy: A Randomized Clinical Trial.Nature and science of sleep · 2026Trial
- Does selective intraoperative music reduce pain following abdominal wall reconstruction? A double-blind randomized controlled trial.Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2024Trial
- Intraoperative suggestions to prevent postoperative delirium in patients undergoing transaortic valvular replacement: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.Aging clinical and experimental research · 2023Trial
- Article
- Sound-evoked auditory neurophysiological signals are a window into prodromal functional differences in a preclinical model of Alzheimer's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- The neural correlates of shared and individual experience.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Operating Room Professionals' Awareness of Possible Unconscious Auditory Perception During General Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Study.Anesthesiology research and practice · 2026Article
- Intraoperative Music During General Anaesthesia in Dogs Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy: A Prospective, Double-Blinded Randomized Exploratory Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Mozart for the brain - a pilot study on physiological effects of auditive stimulation in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Article
- Distinguishing Fowler's and Semi-Fowler's Patient Postures Within Continuous-Wave Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy During Auditory Stimulus and Resting State.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Proposed Physiological and Neurobiological Mechanisms of Music's Effect, with a Focus on the Perioperative Period: Literature Evidence from Human, Canine and Feline Medicine.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Listening Until the End: Best Practices and Guidelines for Auditory Care in Palliative Sedation in Europe.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The Effect of Music Therapy on Postoperative Pain and Agitation During Septorhinoplasty: A Blinded Clinical Trial.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Music as a perioperative, non-pharmacological intervention in veterinary medicine. Establishing a feasible framework for music implementation and future perspectives with a focus on the perioperative period of dogs and cats.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Review
- Effects of Chinese traditional five-element music intervention on postoperative delirium and sleep quality in elderly patients after non-cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2024Article
- The Effect of Perioperative Auditory Stimulation with Music on Procedural Pain: A Narrative Review.Current pain and headache reports · 2023Review
- Therapeutic Suggestions During General Anesthesia Reduce Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in High-Risk Patients - AFrontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Review of Perioperative Music Medicine: Mechanisms of Pain and Stress Reduction Around Surgery.Frontiers in medicine · 2022Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeInterest in implicit memory formation and unconscious auditory stimulus perception during general anesthesia has resurfaced as perioperative music has been reported to produce beneficial effects. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating explicit and implicit memory formation during general anesthesia and its effects on postoperative patient outcomes and recovery. SOURCE: We performed a systematic literature search of Embase, Ovid Medline, and Cochrane Central from inception date until 15 October 2020. Eligible for inclusion were RCTs investigating intraoperative auditory stimulation in adult surgical patients under general anesthesia in which patients, healthcare staff, and outcome assessors were all blinded. We used random effects models for meta-analyses. This study adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020178087). PRINCIPAL
findingsFifty-three (4,200 patients) of 5,859 identified articles were included. There was evidence of implicit memory formation in seven out of 17 studies (41%) when assessed using perceptual priming tasks. Mixed results were observed on postoperative behavioural and motor response after intraoperative suggestions. Intraoperative music significantly reduced postoperative pain (standardized mean difference [SMD], -0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.1 to -0.57; P < 0.001; I
conclusionThe results of this systematic review and meta-analysis show that intraoperative auditory stimuli can be perceived and processed during clinically adequate, general anesthesia irrespective of surgical procedure severity, leading to implicit memory formation without explicit awareness. Intraoperative music can exert significant beneficial effects on postoperative pain and opioid requirements. Whether the employed intraoperative anesthesia regimen is of influence is not yet clear.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.