ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2022
Differential Cytokine Signatures of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza Infection Highlight Key Differences in Pathobiology.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 47 citations in OpenAlex.
- Development and validation of a cytokine-associated nomogram for predicting severe influenza A virus infection in children.Virus genes · 2026Article
- Distinct Cytokine Landscapes Induced by Influenza a Virus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Older Adults (65+) Using an Ex Vivo Whole Blood Stimulation Model.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Investigating the impact of severe maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection on infant DNA methylation and neurodevelopment.Molecular psychiatry · 2025Article
- Differentiation of the Cytokine Profile Modified by SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Virus in an In Vitro Experiment.Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine · 2025Article
- A20 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for COVID-19.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- The intersection of influenza infection and autoimmunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Predictive Role and Clinical Value of Serum Cytokines in COVID-19.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- Application of machine learning algorithms to identify serological predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes.Communications medicine · 2024Article
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- [Current Status of Research on COVID-19 Patients With Concomitant Hyperglycemia and the Management Strategies of Hyperglycemia].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2024Review
- Application of machine learning models to identify serological predictors of COVID-19 severity and outcomes.Research square · 2023Article
- Neurovirulent cytokines increase neuronal excitability in a model of coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation.Intensive care medicine experimental · 2023Article
- Cerebrospinal fluid cytokines and chemokines exhibit distinct profiles in bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2023Article
- Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating COVID-19 from sepsis with pneumonia.Respiratory research · 2023Article
- Assessing anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity in 571 vaccines by using an IFN-γ release assay.European journal of immunology · 2022Article
- Influenza vaccination may have only minimum or no effect on COVID-19 in the aged population.BMJ global health · 2022Article
- Interleukin-38 promoter variants and risk of COVID-19 among Iraqis.Immunobiology · 2022Article
- B-Cell Responses in Hospitalized Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Infected Children With and Without Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- The role of IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors in pathogenesis of COVID-19.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
17 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral inflammatory cytokines are upregulated in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We compared cytokines in COVID-19 versus influenza to define differentiating features of the inflammatory response to these pathogens and their association with severe disease. Because elevated body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for severe COVID-19, we examined the relationship of BMI to cytokines associated with severe disease.
methodsThirty-seven cytokines and chemokines were measured in plasma from 135 patients with COVID-19, 57 patients with influenza, and 30 healthy controls. Controlling for BMI, age, and sex, differences in cytokines between groups were determined by linear regression and random forest prediction was used to determine the cytokines most important in distinguishing severe COVID-19 and influenza. Mediation analysis was used to identify cytokines that mediate the effect of BMI and age on disease severity.
resultsInterleukin-18 (IL-18), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly increased in COVID-19 versus influenza patients, whereas granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), IFN-λ1, IL-10, IL-15, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 2 were significantly elevated in the influenza group. In subgroup analysis based on disease severity, IL-18, IL-6, and TNF-α were elevated in severe COVID-19, but not in severe influenza. Random forest analysis identified high IL-6 and low IFN-λ1 levels as the most distinct between severe COVID-19 and severe influenza. Finally, IL-1RA was identified as a potential mediator of the effects of BMI on COVID-19 severity.
conclusionsThese findings point to activation of fundamentally different innate immune pathways in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and influenza infection, and emphasize drivers of severe COVID-19 to focus both mechanistic and therapeutic investigations.
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