ArticleFrontiers in veterinary science2021
Cerebrospinal Fluid Drop Metastases of Canine Glioma: Magnetic Resonance Imaging Classification.
Article in Frontiers in veterinary science, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Magnetic resonance imaging of primary central nervous system neoplasms of dogs and cats: Basic concepts for diagnostic pathologists.Veterinary pathology · 2026Review
- Possible involvement of cerebrospinal fluid drop metastasis in the survival of French bulldogs after radiotherapy for presumed glial brain tumors.Open veterinary journal · 2025Article
- Oligodendroglioma pseudoprogression after radiotherapy in a dog: a case report.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Article
- MRI findings in six dogs with ependymoma of the brain and spinal cord.Veterinary radiology & ultrasound : the official journal of the American College of Veterinary Radiology and the International Veterinary Radiology Association · 2025Article
- An Illustrated Scoping Review of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Characteristics of Canine and Feline Brain Tumors.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Case report: Magnetic resonance imaging features with postoperative improvement of atypical cervical glioma characterized by predominant extramedullary distribution in a dog.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Triple combination of lomustine, temozolomide and irradiation reduces canine glioma cell survival in vitro.Veterinary medicine and science · 2023Article
- Clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and histological description of a choroid plexus papilloma with disseminated intraventricular and spinal cerebrospinal fluid drop metastases in a young adult dog: a case report.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2023Article
- Cranial Spinal Spreading of Canine Brain Gliomas after Hypofractionated Volumetric-Modulated Arc Radiotherapy and Concomitant Temozolomide Chemotherapy: A Four-Case Report.Veterinary sciences · 2022Article
- Comparison of linear and volumetric criteria for the determination of therapeutic response in dogs with intracranial gliomas.Journal of veterinary internal medicine · 2022Article
- Advancements in drug delivery methods for the treatment of brain disease.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2022Review
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Dissemination of glioma in humans can occur as leptomeningeal nodules, diffuse leptomeningeal lesions, or ependymal lesions. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drop metastasis of glioma is not well-recognized in dogs. Ten dogs with at least two anatomically distinct and histologically confirmed foci of glioma were included in this study. The 10 dogs underwent 28 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations, with distant CSF drop metastasis revealed in 13 MRIs. The CSF drop metastases appeared as leptomeningeal nodules in four dogs, diffuse leptomeningeal lesions in six dogs, and ependymal lesions in seven dogs; six dogs had a combination of lesion types. Primary tumors were generally T2-heterogeneous and contrast-enhancing. Many metastases were T2-homogeneous and non-enhancing. Diffuse leptomeningeal lesions were seen as widespread extra-axial contrast-enhancement, again very dissimilar to the intra-axial primary mass. Primary masses were rostrotentorial, whereas metastases generally occurred in the direction of CSF flow, in ventricles, CSF cisterns, and the central canal or leptomeninges of the cervical or thoracolumbar spinal cord. Seven of the dogs had received therapy limited to the primary mass, such as surgery or stereotactic radiation, then developed metastasis in the following months. CSF drop metastasis of glioma may take a very different appearance on MRI to the primary mass, including periventricular lesions that are more homogeneous and less contrast-enhancing, rostral horn signal changes, or leptomeningeal enhancement ventral to the brainstem or encircling the spinal cord.
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