ArticlePeerJ2021
The regulation of immune checkpoints by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment.
Article in PeerJ, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune checkpoints and immunoregulation in metabolic diseases and cancers: pathological mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- A narrative review of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiotoxicity in lung cancer: mechanisms, risk stratification, and clinical management.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Review
- TACE, lenvatinib, and PD-1 inhibitors in unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: an exploratory retrospective cohort study.BMC gastroenterology · 2026Article
- Review
- Heterogeneity, Measurement, and Clinical Implications of Oxygenation, Cell Signaling, and Redox Biology in Glioblastoma and Adult Diffuse Gliomas, with Context from Other Brain Tumors.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Exploring the role of metabolic disorders and gut microbiome in immune checkpoint regulation in cancer: PI3K/AKT/mTOR focus.Journal of physiology and biochemistry · 2026Review
- Hydrogen sulfide at the intersection of hypoxia and oxidative stress: implications for lung cancer progression and treatment - a narrative review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- A Hypoxia and Immune Escape-Related Gene Signature for the Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer: An Integrated Bioinformatics Study.International journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Single-cell and transcriptomic profiling reveal stemness-driven immune evasion in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) associated lung cancer.Journal of Cancer · 2026Article
- Hypoxia-Associated Molecular Subtypes Reveal Immune Checkpoint, Ferroptosis, and m6A Regulatory Heterogeneity in Pediatric Vasculitis.Human mutation · 2026Article
- Targeting autophagy in dysfunctional tumor vasculature.iScience · 2025Review
- Multiplex gene-editing strategy to engineer allogeneic EGFR-targeting CAR T-cells with improved efficacy against solid tumors.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Role of the tumor microenvironment in promoting treatment resistance in urothelial carcinoma (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2025Review
- CD47-mediated tumor microenvironment remodeling: a central mechanism in immune evasion.Acta biochimica et biophysica Sinica · 2025Review
- Immune Resistance in Glioblastoma: Understanding the Barriers to ICI and CAR-T Cell Therapy.Cancers · 2025Review
- The future of immunotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.International journal of cancer · 2025Review
- Combination of PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in the treatment of cancer - a brief update.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Immunotherapy in the Battle Against Bone Metastases: Mechanisms and Emerging Treatments.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Glioblastoma and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Glance at Available Treatment Options and Future Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
- Role of Fibrinogen-like Protein 1 in Tumor Recurrence Following Hepatectomy.Journal of clinical and translational hepatology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) influences the occurrence and progression of tumors, and hypoxia is an important characteristic of the TME. The expression of programmed death 1 (PD1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), and other immune checkpoints in hypoxic malignant tumors is often significantly increased, and is associated with poor prognosis. The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for treating lung cancer, urothelial carcinoma, and gynecological tumors has achieved encouraging efficacy; however, the rate of efficacy of ICI single-drug treatment is only about 20%. In the present review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which the hypoxic TME regulates immune checkpoints. By activating hypoxia-inducible factor-1
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.