ArticleFrontiers in immunology2021
Clozapine Regulates Microglia and Is Effective in Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Greater Choline-Containing Compounds and Myo-inositol in Treatment-Resistant Versus Responsive Schizophrenia: ABiological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging · 2024Pooled it
- The deficit of oligodendrocyte family cells in layer 3 of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia: possible interactions with dysfunction and altered microanatomy.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Deficit of oligodendrocyte family cells in layer 5 of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- HMC3 revealed: how much do these "Microglia" really tell us?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Atypical antipsychotics alter microglial functions via astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Neurodevelopmental Impact of Prenatal Stress: A Proteomic Analysis of Myelination Disruptions in the Avian Embryo.Developmental neurobiology · 2025Article
- Apolipoprotein D Expression Dynamics During Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination and Remyelination in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- The Role of Microglial Exosomes in Clozapine Treatment: Effect on Cognition in Schizophrenia.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Influence of antipsychotic drugs on microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: perspectives in an astrocyte-microglia co-culture model.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Review
- Siponimod treatment response shows partial BDNF dependency in multiple sclerosis models.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Clozapine: More Than Just a Side Effect in Schizophrenia.Current neuropharmacology · 2024Review
- The Janus face of antipsychotics in glial cells: Focus on glioprotection.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2023Review
- The Effects of Antipsychotics in Experimental Models of Krabbe Disease.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Psychedelic-inspired approaches for treating neurodegenerative disorders.Journal of neurochemistry · 2022Review
- Subcortical volume reduction and cortical thinning 3 months after switching to clozapine in treatment resistant schizophrenia.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2022Article
- Positive effect of immunomodulatory therapies on disease progression in Huntington's disease? Data from a real-world cohort.Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders · 2022Article
- Article
- Clozapine: Why Is It So Uniquely Effective in the Treatment of a Range of Neuropsychiatric Disorders?Biomolecules · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Progressive multiple sclerosis is characterized by chronic inflammation with microglial activation, oxidative stress, accumulation of iron and continuous neurodegeneration with inadequate effectiveness of medications used so far. We now investigated effects of iron on microglia and used the previously identified neuroprotective antipsychotic clozapine Methods: Microglia were treated with iron and clozapine followed by analysis of cell death and response to oxidative stress, cytokine release and neuronal phagocytosis. Clozapine was investigated in chronic EAE regarding optimal dosing and therapeutic effectiveness in different treatment paradigms. Animals were scored clinically by blinded raters. Spinal cords were analyzed histologically for inflammation, demyelination, microglial activation and iron accumulation and for transcription changes of regulators of iron metabolism and inflammation. Effects on immune cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results: Iron impaired microglial function Conclusions: Clozapine regulates microglial function and attenuates chronic EAE, even in a therapeutic treatment paradigm. This well-defined generic medication might therefore be considered as promising add-on therapeutic for further development in progressive MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.