ArticleNature2021
Interpreting type 1 diabetes risk with genetics and single-cell epigenomics.
Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 301 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
301citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
75.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
301 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 466 citations in OpenAlex.
- Large-scale GWAS meta-analysis of serum antibody levels in healthy individuals reveals distinct genetic architectures.Genes and immunity · 2026Pooled it
- Investigating the shared genetic architecture between selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and autoimmune diseases.Human genetics · 2026Pooled it
- The diabetic shoulder: association between diabetes mellitus and adhesive capsulitis - a systematic review and meta-analysis.International orthopaedics · 2026Pooled it
- Investigating the shared genetic architecture between inflammatory bowel disease and pancreatitis: a genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Pooled it
- Shared genetics between metabolic traits and sensorineural hearing loss: a large-scale genome-wide cross-trait analysis.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2025Pooled it
- Leveraging pleiotropy identifies common-variant associations with selective IgA deficiency.Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.) · 2024Pooled it
- Uncovering genetic loci and biological pathways associated with age-related cataracts through GWAS meta-analysis.Nature communications · 2024Pooled it
- Polygenic Risk Scores Show Distinct Genetic Architectures of IBD-Associated Comorbidities.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Single-cell Transcriptomics in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanistic Insights, Cross-disease Convergence, and Translational Challenges in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Type 1 Diabetes, and Multiple Sclerosis.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Single-cell analysis of chromatin accessibility in the human intestine identifies regulatory programs and clarifies genetic associations in Crohn's disease.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Decomposing population differences in type 2 diabetes through a high-resolution GWAS of ~600,000 individuals with East Asian ancestry.Communications biology · 2026Article
- Shared non-HLA genetic architecture across diverse ancestries links insulin secretion and resistance to type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Systematic and proactive evaluation of AIRE missense variant effects.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Protein mediators of chronic kidney disease in Type 2 diabetes: A mendelian randomization study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Genome-wide association analyses highlight the neuronal contribution to multiple sclerosis susceptibility.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Immune markers mediate genetic relationships between immune diseases and psychiatric disorders.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Genetic association stratified by HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4 status reveals heterogeneity in pathways of progression to type 1 diabetes.Diabetologia · 2026Article
- Dynamic neuro-immune regulation of psychiatric risk loci in human neurons.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Multi-omics-driven precision medicine.iMeta · 2026Review
- Development and application of type 1 diabetes polygenic scores across diverse populations.Diabetologia · 2026Review
241 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Joshua ChiouBiomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. joshua.chiou@pfizer.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-0647
Ryan J GeuszBiomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Mei-Lin OkinoDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Jee Yun HanCenter for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Michael MillerCenter for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Rebecca MeltonBiomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Elisha BeebeDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Paola BenaglioDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Serina HuangDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Katha KorgaonkarDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Sandra HellerDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8704-2646
Alexander KlegerDepartment of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0592-5232
Sebastian PreisslCenter for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
David U GorkinCenter for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Maike SanderDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
Kyle J GaultonDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diabetes Research Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. kgaulton@health.ucsd.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1318-7161
University of California San Diego · USUniversität Ulm · DEEmory University · USPfizer (United States) · USUC San Diego Health System · US
Funding
Transgenic & Knock-out MouseP30DK063491 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI PETER J TONTONOZ · 2003 to 2026
$40.4MTraining Program in Basic Clinical GeneticsT32GM008666 · NIGMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI HAMILTON, BRUCE A · 1998 to 2021
$8.6MGenetic mechanisms of type 1 diabetes risk in stress-induced pancreatic isletsR01DK122607 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GAULTON, KYLE JEFFRIE · 2019 to 2022
$4.4MFine-mapping and functional analysis of T1D-associated variantsDP3DK112155 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI FRAZER, KELLY A, SANDER, MAIKE · 2016 to 2016
$3.3MSingle cell analysis of the human pancreas in type 1 diabetesU01DK120429 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GAULTON, KYLE JEFFRIE, SANDER, MAIKE · 2018 to 2021
$3.1MNIDDK NIH HHS DP3 DK112155NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK063491NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK122607NIDDK NIH HHS U01 DK120429NIGMS NIH HHS T32 GM008666NIH HHS DK120429NIH HHS DK122607
Abstract
Genetic risk variants that have been identified in genome-wide association studies of complex diseases are primarily non-coding
Indexed as
EpigenomicsGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseSingle-Cell AnalysisChromatinCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance RegulatorDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1FemaleGene Expression RegulationGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansImmunityMalePancreatic DuctsCFTR protein, humanChromatinCystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390
Registered trials
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.