Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34011457›Full record

ArticleEnvironment international2021

Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000-2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury.

Frank Pega, Bálint Náfrádi, Natalie C Momen, Yuka Ujita, Kai N Streicher, Annette M Prüss-Üstün, Technical Advisory Group, Alexis Descatha, Tim Driscoll, Frida M Fischer and 7 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Environment international, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
150citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

150 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Organizational Risk Factors for Aircrew Health: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023
    Pooled it
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  4. Occupational health outcomes among sanitation workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2022
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  19. Long Working Hours and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease Among Japanese Workers: The Jichi Medical School Cohort Study.Journal of preventive medicine and public health = Yebang Uihakhoe chi · 2026
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  20. Article

90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Frank PegaDepartment of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Electronic address: pegaf@who.int.
Bálint NáfrádiLabour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Natalie C MomenDepartment of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Yuka UjitaLabour Administration, Labour Inspection and Occupational Safety and Health Branch, International Labour Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kai N StreicherDepartment of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Annette M Prüss-ÜstünDepartment of Environment, Climate Change and Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
Technical Advisory Group
Alexis DescathaUNIV Angers, CHU Angers, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, Angers, France; AP-HP (Paris Hospital), Occupational Health Unit, Poincaré University Hospital, Garches, France; Versailles St-Quentin Univ-Paris Saclay Univ (UVSQ), UMS 011, UMR-S 1168, France; Inserm, U1168 UMS 011, Villejuif, France.
Tim DriscollSydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Frida M FischerDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Lode GodderisDepartment of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Hannah M KiiverEurostat, European Commission, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
Jian LiDepartment of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Linda L Magnusson HansonStress Research Institute at Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
Reiner RuguliesNational Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Kathrine SørensenNational Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Tracey J WoodruffProgram on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWorld Health Organization (WHO) and International Labour Organization (ILO) systematic reviews reported sufficient evidence for higher risks of ischemic heart disease and stroke amongst people working long hours (≥55 hours/week), compared with people working standard hours (35-40 hours/week). This article presents WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of global, regional, and national exposure to long working hours, for 194 countries, and the attributable burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke, for 183 countries, by sex and age, for 2000, 2010, and 2016. METHODS AND

findingsWe calculated population-attributable fractions from estimates of the population exposed to long working hours and relative risks of exposure on the diseases from the systematic reviews. The exposed population was modelled using data from 2324 cross-sectional surveys and 1742 quarterly survey datasets. Attributable disease burdens were estimated by applying the population-attributable fractions to WHO's Global Health Estimates of total disease burdens.

resultsIn 2016, 488 million people (95% uncertainty range: 472-503 million), or 8.9% (8.6-9.1) of the global population, were exposed to working long hours (≥55 hours/week). An estimated 745,194 deaths (705,786-784,601) and 23.3 million disability-adjusted life years (22.2-24.4) from ischemic heart disease and stroke combined were attributable to this exposure. The population-attributable fractions for deaths were 3.7% (3.4-4.0) for ischemic heart disease and 6.9% for stroke (6.4-7.5); for disability-adjusted life years they were 5.3% (4.9-5.6) for ischemic heart disease and 9.3% (8.7-9.9) for stroke.

conclusionsWHO and ILO estimate exposure to long working hours (≥55 hours/week) is common and causes large attributable burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke. Protecting and promoting occupational and workers' safety and health requires interventions to reduce hazardous long working hours.

Indexed as

Myocardial IschemiaOccupational DiseasesOccupational ExposureStrokeCost of IllnessCross-Sectional StudiesGlobal HealthHumansWorld Health OrganizationBurden of diseaseIschemic heart diseaseStrokeWorking hours

Identifiers

PMID34011457
PMCPMC8204267

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.