ReviewParasites & vectors2021
Outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans: five decades of personal experience, perspectives and lessons learned.
Review in Parasites & vectors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 157 citations in OpenAlex.
- Frequency of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- A review of foodborneFrontiers in veterinary science · 2022Pooled it
- Quinolones as anti-Toxoplasma agents: a comprehensive scoping review of in vitro and in vivo efficacy.Parasitology research · 2026Article
- Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Multi-Epitope Vaccine Incorporating GRA14, SAG1, and GRA1 Antigens ofVaccines · 2026Article
- Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Enclosures of African Primates (Papio papio and Papio hamadryas) at the Municipal Zoo of Bauru, São Paulo State, Brazil.Journal of medical primatology · 2026Article
- Social marginalisation, environmental degradation and Toxoplasma gondii exposure in urban informal settlements in Brazil.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Seroprevalence and molecular detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2026Article
- Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from members of the families camelidae and equidae worldwide: a systematic review.Irish veterinary journal · 2026Review
- Host-cell dependent epigenetic profiles associated with survival outcomes in T. gondii infection.Epigenetics & chromatin · 2026Article
- Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with GRA35-Encoding DNA and mRNA Vaccines Enhances Protective Immunity AgainstMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- The Potential of MIC17A both as an Entero-epithelial and Chronic Stage Marker for Detection of Feline Toxoplasmosis.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Toxoplasmosis Acquired in French Guiana in Immunocompetent Adults: Case Series From 2002 to 2019, With a Focus on Outpatients.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Dense granule proteins: key mediators ofFrontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Seroprevalence, Associated Factors, and Molecular Detection ofJournal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- High frequency of DNA detection ofFood and waterborne parasitology · 2025Article
- Dose-dependent tissue tropism and efficacy of early BKI-1748 treatment in chronicFood and waterborne parasitology · 2025Article
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Ovine Toxoplasmosis: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study in Iraq.Acta parasitologica · 2025Article
- Pleiotropic Effects on Tachyzoite and Host Cell Proteomes in Knock-Out Clones of the Open Reading Frames 297720 and 319730 Constitutively Expressed inInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Toxoplasma gondii and the Brain: Frenemies? Or Just Outright Foes?Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2025Review
- In Vivo Safety and Efficacy of Thiosemicarbazones in Experimental Mice Infected withBiomedicines · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a worldwide distribution and a very wide host range, infecting most warm-blooded hosts. Approximately 30% of humanity is infected with T. gondii, but clinical toxoplasmosis is relatively infrequent. Toxoplasmosis has a wide range of clinical symptoms involving almost all organ systems. In most persons that acquire infection postnatally, symptoms (when present) are mild and mimic other diseases such as flu, Lyme disease, Q fever, hematological alterations, or mumps. It is likely that clinical disease is more common than reported. The ingestion of infected meat or food and water contaminated with oocysts are the two main modes of postnatal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii. The infective dose and the incubation period of T. gondii infection are unknown because there are no human volunteer experiments.
methodsHere, I have critically reviewed outbreaks of clinical toxoplasmosis in humans for the past 55 years, 1966-2020. Information from oocyst-acquired versus meat-acquired infections was assessed separately.
resultsMost outbreaks were from Brazil. There were no apparent differences in types or severity of symptoms in meat- versus oocyst-acquired infections. Fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, myalgia, and fatigue were the most important symptoms, and these symptoms were not age-dependent. The incubation period was 7-30 days. A genetic predisposition to cause eye disease is suspected in the parasites responsible for three outbreaks (in Brazil, Canada, and India). Only a few T. gondii tissue cysts might suffice to cause infection, as indicated by outbreaks affecting some (but not all) individuals sharing a meal of infected meat.
conclusionsWhether the high frequency of outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in humans in Brazil is related to environmental contamination, poor hygiene, socioeconomic conditions, or to genotypes of T. gondii needs investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.