ArticleBMC genomics2021
Insights into the genome architecture and evolution of Shiga toxin encoding bacteriophages of Escherichia coli.
Article in BMC genomics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Algorithm and Software to Type Stx Operons Accurately from Assembled Genomic Sequence.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Genomic epidemiology reveals statewide dispersal of clinical Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Predicting clinical outcome ofMicrobial genomics · 2025Article
- Shiga toxin-producingMicrobiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR · 2025Review
- Shiga Toxin-ProducingMicroorganisms · 2025Review
- Characterization of Seven Shiga Toxin Phages Induced from Human-Derived Shiga Toxin-ProducingMicroorganisms · 2025Article
- Bacteriophages RCF and 1-6bf can control the growth of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli.Poultry science · 2025Article
- Pathogenomes of Shiga Toxin Positive and NegativeMicroorganisms · 2024Article
- Pathogenomes and virulence profiles of representative big six non-O157 serogroup Shiga toxin-producingFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Diversity of Shiga toxin transducing phages inFrontiers in microbiology · 2024Article
- Characterization of the novel temperate Escherichia coli phage phiStx2k.Archives of virology · 2023Article
- The Prophage and Us-Shiga Toxin Phages Revisited.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Characterization of the flanking region of the Shiga toxin operon in Stx2a bacteriophages reveals a diversity of the NanS-p sialate O-acetylesterase gene.AIMS microbiology · 2023Article
- Prevalence and Implications of Shiga Toxin-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- High Prevalence and Persistence of Escherichia coli Strains Producing Shiga Toxin Subtype 2k in Goat Herds.Microbiology spectrum · 2022Article
- Genomic Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2022Article
- Article
- Characterization of Atypical Shiga Toxin Gene Sequences and Description of Stx2j, a New Subtype.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2022Article
- Genomic Characteristics of Stx2e-ProducingPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA total of 179 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) complete genomes were analyzed in terms of serotypes, prophage coding regions, and stx gene variants and their distribution. We further examined the genetic diversity of Stx-converting phage genomes (Stx phages), focusing on the lysis-lysogeny decision and lytic cassettes.
resultsWe show that most STEC isolates belong to non-O157 serotypes (73 %), regardless the sources and geographical regions. While the majority of STEC genomes contain a single stx gene (61 %), strains containing two (35 %), three (3 %) and four (1 %) stx genes were also found, being stx2 the most prevalent gene variant. Their location is exclusively found in intact prophage regions, indicating that they are phage-borne. We further demonstrate that Stx phages can be grouped into four clusters (A, B, C and D), three subclusters (A1, A2 and A3) and one singleton, based on their shared gene content. This cluster distribution is in good agreement with their predicted virion morphologies. Stx phage genomes are highly diverse with a vast number of 1,838 gene phamilies (phams) of related sequences (of which 677 are orphams i.e. unique genes) and, although having high mosaicism, they are generally organized into three major transcripts. While the mechanisms that guide lysis-lysogeny decision are complex, there is a strong selective pressure to maintain the stx genes location close to the lytic cassette composed of predicted SAR-endolysin and pin-holin lytic proteins. The evolution of STEC Stx phages seems to be strongly related to acquiring genetic material, probably from horizontal gene transfer events.
conclusionsThis work provides novel insights on the genetic structure of Stx phages, showing a high genetic diversity throughout the genomes, where the various lysis-lysogeny regulatory systems are in contrast with an uncommon, but conserved, lytic system always adjacent to stx genes.
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