ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2021
Differences in Perinatal Outcomes of Birthing People in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Marriages.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 18 citations in OpenAlex.
- "We adjusted for race": now what? A systematic review of utilization and reporting of race in American Journal of Epidemiology and Epidemiology, 2020-2021.Epidemiologic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Pre-pregnancy characteristics, medical conditions and prenatal support among pregnant women in same-sex relationships: a population-based cohort study.Reproductive health · 2026Article
- Covariate adjustment in LGBTQ+ health disparities research: aligning methods with assumptions.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Births Conceived Through Medically Assisted Reproduction by Parental Structure in Louisiana (2016-2023).Journal of women's health (2002) · 2025Article
- Disparities in perinatal outcomes among births to same-sex and different-sex married couples: a cross-sectional study using birth certificate data.F&S reports · 2025Article
- Differences in Abortion Use by Sexual Orientation in 3 National Cohorts.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Adverse Obstetric and Perinatal Outcomes Among Birthing People in Same-Sex and Different-Sex Relationships in Louisiana.LGBT health · 2025Article
- Family Planning and Concerns of Unfair Treatment of (Potential) Children Among Partnered Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals.LGBTQ+ family : an interdisciplinary journal · 2025Article
- Mapping the scientific literature on obstetric and perinatal health among sexual and gender minoritized (SGM) childbearing people and their infants: a scoping review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2024Article
- Sexual orientation disparities in gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology · 2024Article
- Differences in medically assisted reproduction use by sexual identity and partnership: a prospective cohort of cisgender women.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Sexual orientation-related disparities in perinatal mental health among a prospective cohort study.SSM. Mental health · 2024Article
- Article
- Inequities in Medically Assisted Reproduction: a Scoping Review.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2023Article
- Adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes in sexual minority women from the National Survey of Family Growth.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
It is unknown whether people in same-sex relationships who give birth have different perinatal outcomes than people in different-sex relationships, despite differences in risk factors such as use of assisted reproductive technologies, obesity, smoking, and poor mental health. Marriage equality has established birth certificates as a promising new source of population-based data on births to same-sex married parents. We used birth certificate data from Massachusetts for 201,873 singletons born to married parents from 2012 to 2016. We estimated the associations of several birth outcomes with having a birth parent in a same-sex marriage using propensity score-matched and -unmatched samples. We also tested whether these associations were modified by the use of assisted reproductive technologies. People in same-sex marriages who gave birth had perinatal outcomes related to decreased fetal growth and preterm birth that were similar to those of their peers in different-sex marriages. Use of assisted reproductive technology was associated with decreased fetal growth and increased risk of preterm birth for infants with different-sex parents but not for infants with same-sex parents. More research is needed across other states and to understand why use of assisted reproductive technology is not a risk factor for poor birth outcomes for those in same-sex marriages.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.